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Participation of Vagal Sensory Neurons in Putative Satiety Signals from the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
Published in Sue Ritter, Robert C. Ritter, Charles D. Barnes, Neuroanatomy and Physiology of Abdominal Vagal Afferents, 2020
R.C. Ritter, L. Brenner, D.P. Yox
Triglyceride is hydrolyzed to fatty acids and 2-monoglycerides prior to uptake into enterocytes. Therefore, we have examined the ability of two fatty acids oleic (C-18) and octanoic (C-8) to suppress sham feeding when infused at low concentrations (0.065-0.13 kcal/ml) in isotonic solutions.90 At these concentrations, only oleic acid suppressed sham feeding. Octanoic acid had no effect (Figure 2B). These results indicate that while medium-chain fatty acids might suppress food intake at high concentrations, long-chain fatty acids are more potent for suppressing feeding. This conclusion is reinforced when one considers the fact that at equicaloric concentrations, the molar concentration of octanoic acid is more than twice that of oleic acid.
Role of Lingual and Gastric Lipases in Fat Digestion and Absorption
Published in Margit Hamosh, Lingual and Gastric Lipases: Their Role in Fat Digestion, 2020
Detailed studies on intragastric lipolysis were conducted throughout the suckling period of the rat by Bitman et al.56 These studies provided strong evidence for the specific hydrolysis of position Sn3; thus, the di- and monoglycerides had a low content of C8:0 and CI0:0, indicating that the Sn3 position of the milk triglyceride, which carried 87% of C8:0 and 72% of C 10:0,55 had been preferentially attacked. Furthermore, the low content of octanoic acid (C8:0) in the free fatty acid fraction of gastric contents suggests that much of this fatty acid was absorbed directly from the stomach.53, 56, 57 The enrichment of the free fatty acid fraction of gastric contents in decanoic and lauric acids (C:10 and C:12, respectively) indicates that these fatty acids are not absorbed completely in the stomach. This study showed a similar extent of gastric lipolysis throughout the suckling period, indicating that immediately after birth, sufficient amounts of lingual lipase are secreted to enable the efficient hydrolysis of milk fat.
Short-Lived Positron Emitting Radionuclides
Published in Frank Helus, Lelio G. Colombetti, Radionuclides Production, 2019
Several 11C-labeled carboxylic acids were prepared by carboxylation of the appropriate grignard or organo-lithium compound. Machulla prepared 11C-nicotinic, 11C-anthranilic, and 11C-salicylic acid.14 The same author reports on the preparation of the amide from 11C-nicotinic acid.18411C-acetic acid was prepared from methyl magnesium bromide.104,185 On the synthesis of fatty acids also recent publications are available: octanoic acid,186,187 palmitic acid,104,187,188 and oleic acid.104 Carbon-11 labeled alcohols were prepared from the corresponding carboxylic labeled acids by reduction with LiAlH4. Good yields of methanol,189, ethanol,104.189,190 isopropanol,189 and undecanol104 were obtained. 11C-alcohols can be converted conveniently into carbon-11 ethers.191 11C-benzaldehyde and 11C-octanal have been prepared from 11C-labeled benzoic acid and octanoic acid, by oxidation of the intermediately prepared alcohols192 or by insertion of 11CO into the carbon-boron bond of an organoborane.193
Alpha lipoic acid and diabetes mellitus: potential effects on peripheral neuropathy and different metabolic parameters
Published in Alexandria Journal of Medicine, 2021
Ayman M Elbadawy, Rasha O. Abd Elmoniem, Amira M. Elsayed
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is estimated as a considerable health issue as a result of its great occurrence [1]. Peripheral neuropathy is a widespread problem in diabetic population, with a prevalence rate of 5.3–47.6% [2,3]. Alpha lipoic acid (ALA), an organo-sulfur compound derived from octanoic acid, was studied as an antioxidant agent in the treatment of obstructive nephropathy, neuro-inflammation, diabetes and diabetic nephropathy [4]. Clinical trials have shown hopeful outcomes of ALA on neuropathy manifestations [5] with significantly improved nerve conduction velocity [6]. Moreover, some studies found a favorable results of ALA supplementation on lipid profile [7]. However, other studies did not recognize any considerable relations [8]. Furthermore, parenteral treatment with ALA causes improvement in the glucose levels in patients with type 2 DM [9]. The aim of the current study was to gauge the effect of oral administration of ALA on diabetic peripheral neuropathy, glycemic control, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C).
Boletus aereus protects against acute alcohol-induced liver damage in the C57BL/6 mouse via regulating the oxidative stress-mediated NF-κB pathway
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2020
Luping Zhang, Bo Meng, Lanzhou Li, Yanzhen Wang, Yuanzhu Zhang, Xuexun Fang, Di Wang
For the main components of BA, 30.60% was total sugar, 4.80% was reducing sugar, 1.44% was triterpenes, 0.23% was flavonoids, 17.90% was mannitol, 12.20% was crude fat, 24.30% was total protein, 2.03% was polyphenols, 1.40% was sterols, 0.02% was vitamin B2 and 0.42% was vitamin B3; however, adenosine and vitamin A, B1, B6, C, D2, D3 and E were not detected (Table 1). A total of 17 amino acids were determined, among which the contents of methionine (0.60%), glutamic acid (0.39%) and aspartic acid (0.32%) were higher than those of the others (Table 1). Among the 13 detected minerals, K, Fe and Na were the most abundant (Table 1). Thirty-five fatty acids were measured, among which the contents of linoleic acid, oleic acid and hexadecanoic acid were significantly higher than those of the other fatty acids; however, capric acid, undecanoic acid, tridecanoic acid, myristoleic acid, cis-10-pentadecenoic acid, elaidic acid, trans-linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, γ-linolenic acid, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, cis-13,16-docosadienoic acid methyl ester, docosahexaenoic acid and octanoic acid were not detected (Table 1).
α-Lipoic acid, functional fatty acid, as a novel therapeutic alternative for central nervous system diseases: A review
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2019
Fatemeh Seifar, Mohammad Khalili, Habib Khaledyan, Shirin Amiri Moghadam, Azimeh Izadi, Amirreza Azimi, Seied Kazem Shakouri
ALA, with a rapid absorption rate and a half-life of 0.56 hours, reaches maximum levels in blood after 10–45 minutes.34 In humans, 4,6-bismethylthio-hexanoic acid was the main metabolite in urine samples of healthy volunteers after oral intake of ALA, whereas both 6,8-bismethylthio-octanoic acid and 2,4-bismethylthio-butanoic acid were found to be minor metabolites.35 LA bioavailability may be dependent on multiple factors. Recent studies have suggested that R-enantiomer would be the most appropriate form to provide as oral supplements; however, S-LA in the racemic mixture may prevent the polymerization of R-LA and thereby improve overall bioavailability. In this regard, approximately 20–40% of absorption was reported in the volunteers taking 200 mg R,S-LA.36 In another study by Carlson et al.,37 following administration of its sodium salt to human subjects, the peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and total LA absorbed (area under the curve) were both observed to be higher than the free acid. Thus, intake of LA as a free acid or a salt, whether with a meal or not, may affect the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of LA in humans. In addition, because of food interaction with LA, it is recommended that LA be taken 30 minutes before or 2 hours after the meal.38