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The Ecology of Parasitism
Published in Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin, Parasitology, 2023
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin
Vector-transmitted parasites also provide fertile ground for the study of parasite manipulation, as also noted elsewhere in the book (Chapter 5). Such manipulations can involve both the arthropod vector species and/or the vertebrate hosts involved and favor parasite transmission. We are probably manipulated by Plasmodium parasites in several ways: for instance, infected children produce higher levels of certain skin odorants including the aldehydes heptanal, octanal, nonanal, all of which can be detected by the antennae of female Anopheles mosquitoes (Figure 6.34) Malaria’s notorious unsubtle and debilitating effects also make an infected person an easy target for blood-seeking mosquitoes.
Adulteration of Essential Oils
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
ISO standard 3053 shows character and data for this oil. Pure oils possess as marker the compound nootkatone from traces up to 0.8%, depending on the fruit status. This compound is used for blending, together with n-octanal, n-nonanal, n-decanal, and synthetic citral. Adulteration is performed by orange terpenes and distilled grapefruit residues from expression and limonene—80°. Detection must be done exclusively by multidimensional enantiomeric separation. Dugo and Mondello (2011) published the following chiral data: (R)-(−)-α-pinene (0.3%–0.8%):(S)-(+)-α-pinene (99.2%–99.7%); (R)-(+)-β-pinene (62.0%–76.8%):(S)-(−)-β-pinene (23.2%–38.0%); (R)-(+)-sabinene (98.4%–98.5%):(S)-(−)-sabinene (1.5%–1.6%); (S)-(−)-limonene (0.5%–0.6%):(R)-(+)-limonene (98.4%–98.5%); (R)-(−)-linalool (32.0%–43.0%):(S)-(+)-linalool (57.0%–68.0%); (S)-(−)-citronellal (16.6%–21.4%):(R)-(+)-citronellal (57.0%–68.0%); (S)-(−)-α-terpineol (1.2%–3.3%):(R)-(+)-α-terpineol (96.7%–99.8%); and (S)-(+)-carvone:(R)-(−)-carvone 34.8%.
Short-Lived Positron Emitting Radionuclides
Published in Frank Helus, Lelio G. Colombetti, Radionuclides Production, 2019
Several 11C-labeled carboxylic acids were prepared by carboxylation of the appropriate grignard or organo-lithium compound. Machulla prepared 11C-nicotinic, 11C-anthranilic, and 11C-salicylic acid.14 The same author reports on the preparation of the amide from 11C-nicotinic acid.18411C-acetic acid was prepared from methyl magnesium bromide.104,185 On the synthesis of fatty acids also recent publications are available: octanoic acid,186,187 palmitic acid,104,187,188 and oleic acid.104 Carbon-11 labeled alcohols were prepared from the corresponding carboxylic labeled acids by reduction with LiAlH4. Good yields of methanol,189, ethanol,104.189,190 isopropanol,189 and undecanol104 were obtained. 11C-alcohols can be converted conveniently into carbon-11 ethers.191 11C-benzaldehyde and 11C-octanal have been prepared from 11C-labeled benzoic acid and octanoic acid, by oxidation of the intermediately prepared alcohols192 or by insertion of 11CO into the carbon-boron bond of an organoborane.193
Exhaled metabolic markers and relevant dysregulated pathways of lung cancer: a pilot study
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2022
Yingchang Zou, Yanjie Hu, Zaile Jiang, Ying Chen, Yuan Zhou, Zhiyou Wang, Yu Wang, Guobao Jiang, Zhiguang Tan, Fangrong Hu
Correlation analyses were performed for all candidate differential metabolites with each other using Spearman’s correlation (Figure 3 and Figures S5 and S6). N-Nonanal and n-Octanal has the strongest correlation among all metabolites (r = 0.67426, p < .001). Besides them, there were seven pairs of metabolites having correlation coefficients larger than 0.5 (S7). The rests of correlation coefficients were smaller than 0.5. It could be concluded that there is no strong correlation among all VOCs based on reference [18]. Thus, it is not necessary to remove any one from these 31 VOCs.
Conjugates of TAT and folate with DOX-loaded chitosan micelles offer effective intracellular delivery ability
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2019
Shengyu Zhang, Yanjun Liu, Ye Gan, Nanqing Qiu, Yueqing Gu, Hongyan Zhu
In a typical synthesis, chitosan (1 g) was dissolved in 50 ml of 1% acetic acid. Then, octanal (1.02 g) was added to the colloidal chitosan solution guttatim. After stirring for 4h, we used 5% sodium hydroxide solution to adjust the pH of the mixed solution to 4 ∼ 5. Sodium borohydride (0.32 g) was added to above solution. After 12 h of the reduction reaction, we used 5% sodium hydroxide solution to adjust the pH to 7. The resultant produce was purified by dialysis bag and freeze-dried to form the solid of N-alkyl chitosan (OC).
On the hypoxic tumor targeting ability of two chitosan micelles loaded with oil-soluble CdSe quantum dots
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2018
Shengyu Zhang, Liuwan Zhao, Nanqin Qiu, Yanjun Liu, Bohui Xu, Hongyan Zhu
During a typical synthesis of N-octyl chitosan (OC), CS (1 g) was dissolved in 50 ml of 1% acetic acid. Then octanal (1.02 g) was added to the colloidal CS solution guttatim. After stirring for 4 h at room temperature, 5% sodium hydroxide solution was used to adjust the pH to 4–5. Next, sodium borohydride (0.32 g) was added. After 12 h of reaction, 5% sodium hydroxide solution was used to adjust the pH to 7. The resultant product was purified by dialysis against distilled water and freeze-dried to form solid N-octyl CS (OC).