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Chemistry of Essential Oils
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Myrcene (70) is very widespread in nature. Some sources, such as hops, contain high levels and it is found in most of the common herbs and spices. All isomers of α-ocimene (84), β-ocimene (85), and allo-ocimene (86) are found in essential oils, the isomers of β-ocimene (85) being the most frequently encountered. Limonene (73) is present in many essential oils, but the major occurrence is in the citrus oils that contain levels up to 90%. These oils contain the dextrorotatory (R)-enantiomer, and its antipode is much less common. Both α-phellandrene (87) and β-phellandrene (88) occur widely in essential oils. For example, (−)-α-phellandrene is found in Eucalyptus dives and (S)-(−)-b-phellandrene in the lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta. p-Cymene (83) has been identified in many essential oils and plant extracts and thyme and oregano oils are particularly rich in it. α-Pinene (65), β-pinene (76), and 3-carene (77) are all major constituents of turpentine from a wide range of pines, spruces, and firs. The pinenes are often found in other oils, 3-carene less so. Like the pinenes, camphene (89) is widespread in nature.
Potential Alternative Treatment of Ocular Bacterial Infections by Oil Derived from Syzygium aromaticum Flower (Clove)
Published in Current Eye Research, 2018
Mahmoud S. M. Mohamed, Asmaa A. Abdallah, Magda H. Mahran, Ahmed M. Shalaby
The antibacterial activity of hydrocarbon monoterpene δ-3-carene was reported. δ-3-carene participates in lipids of the bacterial cell membrane due to its hydrophobicity thereby disrupting the membrane structures. 40 On the other hand, γ-Terpinene had high specific bacteriostatic action on microbial cells. 41 In our study, the predominant compounds of E. globulus oil were 3-Carene followed by γ-Terpinene (Table 5). This may explain the antimicrobial activities of E. globulus oil (85%) against all tested bacterial isolates. In addition, C. citratus oil showed high sensitivity rate (97%). Its major compounds are β-Ocimene (12.66%) followed by 3-Carene (11.72%). The antibacterial activity of β-Ocimene has been reported in previous studies. 40
Anti-adhesion and antibiofilm activities of Lavandula mairei humbert essential oil against Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from hospital intensive care units
Published in Biofouling, 2022
Raja El Kheloui, Asma Laktib, Soufiane Elmegdar, Lahbib Fayzi, Chorouk Zanane, Fouad Msanda, Khalil Cherifi, Hassan Latrache, Rachida Mimouni, Fatima Hamadi
The yield of EO was 1.20%. According to the results in Table 3, L. mairei EO was characterized by high amount of carvacrol (79.12%) followed by Terpinolene (2.94%), Caryophyllene oxide (2.82%), p-Cymen-8-ol (2.04%), cis-β-Ocimene (.02%), Carvacrol methyl ether (1.52%) and β-Caryophyllene (1.52%), which account for 93.01% of the total EO.
Phytochemical and biological activities of some Iranian medicinal plants
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Salome Dini, Qihe Chen, Faezeh Fatemi, Younes Asri
C. macropodum (Figure 1(C)) is distributed in Iran and Turkey, while other species are detectable in other areas particularly Europe and central Asia (Mozafarian 1996). This plant is not only used in traditional healing practices to treat cold and stomach, but also in culinary (Jahantab et al. 2018; Moazzami Farida et al. 2018). The antioxidant activity of essential oil from C. macropodum aerial parts was determined by DPPH radical scavenging and β-carotene bleaching tests. The results indicated that essential oil containing the most prominent bioactive compounds: trans-ocimene, cis-ocimene and γ-terpinene possessed low antioxidant activity as compared to BHT (Haghi et al. 2010). Additionally, the chemical composition and antioxidant properties of C. macropodum essential oil isolated by HD and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) methods were measured and compared. The main constituents of both essential oils obtained by HD and MAHD, were (E, Z)-β-ocimene, myrcene and terpinolene, respectively. There was no significant difference in the antioxidant activity of both essential oils (Khajehie et al. 2017). Moreover, MIC concentrations of essential oils obtained from C. macropodum leaves and flowers were evaluated against 12 bacterial strains using the micro-well dilution assay. Thirty constituents were identified and their main classes were oxygenated, non-oxygenated monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes (trans-β-farnesene and trans-β-ocimene). Salmonella paratyphi-A serotype, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Klebsiella pneumonia were the most susceptible species with MIC ranging from 125 to 250 μg/mL (Ebrahimabadi et al. 2010). Khajehie et al. (2017) evaluated the antifungal activities of C. macropodum aerial parts essential oil through HD and MAHD techniques by MIC or minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) methods and reported that MAHD had no adverse effects on inhibitory effects of the essential oil, besides Trichoderma harzianum was the most sensitive microorganism with MIC of 625 μg/mL.