China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Endometrial cancer: epidemiology, pathology and natural history
Published in A. R. Genazzani, Hormone Replacement Therapy and Cancer, 2020
In the Western world, endometrial cancer is the most common malignant tumor of the female genital tract. After an increase in the 1970s that resulted from the unrestricted use of estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women, the incidence rates have become stable over the last two decades, at 10–20 per 100 000 person years. Recently, the progressive use of tamoxifen — a nonsteroidal estrogen agonist and antagonist — for the treatment of breast cancer has been associated with increased risk of endometrial cancer, although there is not complete agreement among different studies. In this review, current knowledge about conventional features of endometrial carcinomas and their precursors will be presented.
Asthma Mortality Epidemics: The Problem Approached Epidemiologically
Published in Richard Beasley, Neil E. Pearce, The Role of Beta Receptor Agonist Therapy in Asthma Mortality, 2020
Occasionally, dramatic worsening or improvement of mortality rates can be due to the introduction of a new and efficacious therapy or preventative measure or due to a new but toxic therapy. Poliomyelitis incidence and mortality dropped markedly the year after the mass immunization campaign was completed in the United States, for example. In contrast, the incidence and mortality rate of cancer of the vagina rose about 20 years after the widespread use of diethylstilbestrol (DES) in pregnancy. The decline in these same rates followed the decline in use of this synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen by pregnant women.8 Phocomelia appeared shortly after the introduction of thalidomide to the market and disappeared after its withdrawal,9,10 and subacute myelo-optic neuropathy (SMON) declined in Japan after the suspect halogenated hydroxyquinolone (Enterovioform®) was withdrawn. If the death rate increases are real and represent the true picture of mortality, what working hypotheses can explain this unusual phenomenon?
Atherosclerosis
Published in George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia, Molecular Biochemistry of Human Disease, 2020
George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia
Many drugs inhibit cholesterol synthesis, such as 2-phenylbutyric acid and derivatives.19,64,132,198,461,541,542,626,700 Application of this drug in clinical trials has resulted in toxic manifestations. Derivatives of this compound reduce acetyl-CoA formation. The currently employed clofibrate has some effect on cholesterol biosynthesis at the level of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase.21 There are some other drugs blocking cholesterol synthesis at other steps. Benzmalacene (N-[l-methyl-2,3-bis(p-chlorophenyl)propyl]maleamic acid or 4-[2,3-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-l-methylpropyl]amino]-4-oxo-2-butenoic acid) inhibits the incorporation of mevalonic acid into cholesterol in rat liver homogenates. However, benzamalacene given to animals has a toxic effect and results in liver damage.207,304 This drug has been among the first compounds used clinically. It is structurally related to a series of nonsteroidal estrogens and estogen antagonists.
An insight into the neuroprotective effects and molecular targets of pomegranate (Punica granatum
) against Alzheimer’s disease
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Namy George, Majed AbuKhader, Khalid Al Balushi, Bushra Al Sabahi, Shah Alam Khan
Pirzadeh et al. in 2020 have reviewed in detail the chemical constituents present in the pomegranate fruit extract which proved to contain approximately 85.4% water, 10.6% sugar, 1.4% pectin and 0.2–1% polyphenols [30]. Most of the antioxidant property of the fruit is due to the water-soluble tannins found in the peel which accounts for nearly 92% of the total antioxidant activity. Tannins are capable of undergoing hydrolysis with and without the help of enzymes. Ellagitannins (ETs), gallotannins and punicalagin are some of the hydrolyzable tannins present in the different parts of the pomegranate. As a matter of fact, the hydrolzyed products like ellagic acid are partly metabolized by gut bacteria producing demethyellagic acid glucuronide, urolithin derivatives and several other metabolites. These metabolites could also be responsible for the health benefits of the consumption of pomegranate [44]. Furthermore, pomegranate seed oil (PSO) consists of fatty acids such as punicic acid, linoleic acid and oleic acids (Figure 1). The major constituents of PSO are steroidal and non-steroidal estrogens. Steroidal estrogen in the seed oil comprises tocopherol, testosterone, stigmasterol, β-estrolsitosterol, 17-α-estradiol and the nonsteroidal estrogen comprises coumestrol and campestral [30]. There is a high variation seen in the pomegranate’s bioactive constituents depending upon the environmental conditions it is grown [5].
Further insights into testicular germ cell tumor oncogenesis: potential therapeutic targets
Published in Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 2020
Paolo Chieffi, Marco De Martino, Francesco Esposito
PGC normal differentiation processes may be deregulated by susceptibility genes and environmental factors. In fact, TGCTs have an aggressive phenotype and are thought to be originated from a shared ancestor, IGCNU, where the tumor cells generate and expand only within the seminiferous tubules. Thus, to explain the possible relation between environment and genetic, a great number of environmental factors have been investigated. Some studies suggest association of increased TGCT risk and maternal smoking during pregnancy, body mass index, adult height, diet rich in cheese, pesticide exposure, and others. The risk factors involved in the onset of the disease include age, cryptorchidism, family history of testicular cancer, Klinefelter’s syndrome, congenital abnormalities, and infertility. Remarkably, it is still debated whether the exposure to some non-steroidal estrogens during pregnancy such as diethylstilbestrol (DES) may increase the risk to develop TGCTs.
The occurrence of fractures after adjuvant treatment of breast cancer: a DBCG register study
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2018
Bent Kristensen, Bent Ejlertsen, Maj-Britt Jensen, Henning T. Mouridsen
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among Danish women with a steadily increasing incidence during the last 60 years. Breast cancer mortality has declined as a result of successive improvements in loco-regional and systemic treatment in the same period [1]. In estrogen receptor positive early breast cancer adjuvant endocrine therapy with tamoxifen (TAM), an aromatase inhibitor (AI), or a sequence of these two drugs for 5 to 10 years is considered standard therapy [2]. These drugs inhibit the effects of estrogens on breast tissue: TAM being a partial nonsteroidal estrogen agonist and AIs significantly lowering the plasma estradiol concentration [3,4]. Since the introduction of TAM and AIs the treatment duration with these drugs has increased in favor of their long-term antineoplastic effects, but at the expense of potential long-term side effects, especially on bone metabolism resulting in fractures, especially for the AIs [5] as TAM seems to lower the risk of fractures [6]. Irrespectively of bone mineral density, the addition of adjuvant bisphosphonate, 6-monthly zoledronic acid or daily oral clodronate, prolongs disease-free survival in postmenopausal patients [7].