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Nutritional Ergogenic Aids — Macronutrients
Published in Luke Bucci, Nutrients as Ergogenic Aids for Sports and Exercise, 2020
Compared to the study of carbohydrates and endurance performance, the study of protein nutrition and muscular hypertrophy/strength is grossly inad equate to yield definite conclusions or guidelines. The basic question of whether increased dietary protein improves nitrogen metabolism by a simple caloric effect or by more specific effects unique to amino acids remains to be explored. However, a consensus is emerging that initiation of increased exercise workloads (endurance or strength training) probably increases protein requirements, at least for a relatively short time period of 1 to 2 months. Whether improvements in nitrogen metabolism from high dietary protein intakes will be prolonged is not yet clear. Also, interaction of protein with total caloric intake suggests that higher caloric intakes may spare the need for high intakes of protein.35,134,146,154 Furthermore, a diet high in complex carbohydrates combined with a protein supplement enriched in amino acids involved in gluconeogenesis (e.g., alanine) has been suggested to help maintain muscular ATP production.133
Fluorescence in Histochemical Reactions
Published in Victoria Vladimirovna Roshchina, Fluorescence of Living Plant Cells for Phytomedicine Preparations, 2020
Victoria Vladimirovna Roshchina
As shown in some publications (Roshchina and Yashin 2014; Roshchina 2014; Roshchina et al. 2015), the fluorescent method is able to determine biogenic amines in pollen grains. Among 24 plant species studied, increased amounts of catecholamines and/or histamine were observed in pollen of Acer platanoides L., Anemone ranunculoides L., Anthriscus sylvestris L., Betula verrucosa Ehrh., Corylus avellana L., Larix decidua Mill., Hippeastrum hybridum L., Narcissus pseudonarcissus L., Picea excelsior (excelsa) L., Pinus sylvestris L., Populus balsamifera L., Syringa vulgaris L., Taraxacum officinale L., Tilia cordata Mill., Tussilago farfara L., and Tulipa sp. This fact is related to the peculiarities of nitrogen metabolism of the plant species. Moreover, most fluorescent data confirm the experiments with similar pollen species done by Marquardt and Vogg (1952) with the help of pharmacological and chemical methods. This information is very valuable for medicine, because it provides knowledge about allergic factors (dopamine and histamine content). We should also remember about possible allergic effects of pollen, rich in the biogenic amines, as admixture in fresh raw pharmaceutic material, or when the microspores are used as natural drugs in medicinal care.
Nutrition and metabolic care
Published in Hemanshu Prabhakar, Charu Mahajan, Indu Kapoor, Essentials of Anesthesia for Neurotrauma, 2018
Neurotrauma results in a state of severe catabolism and negative nitrogen metabolism. In TBI, this peaks at 2–3 weeks, whereas the peak appears later and lasts longer in SCI patients. Although provision of excess proteins in the diet is not found to promote assimilation, a minimum of 1.5–2 gm/kg of protein is recommended daily. The requirements may increase in conditions of sepsis and fever. Especially high doses of protein may lead to azotemia, however, and adequate free water must be supplemented.27,33 The benefits of elemental, semi-elemental, and immune-modulating diet remain to be proved conclusively. Serum protein assessment to monitor nutrition status in a patient may be inaccurate because both serum albumin and prealbumin are acute-phase reactants, reflecting inflammation more than nutrition.
Identification of the γ-glutamyl cycle as a novel therapeutic target and 5-oxoproline as a new biomarker for diagnosing pancreatic cancer
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Weijia Wang, Xiuyun Tian, Liang Yan, Xiaoya Guan, Bin Dong, Min Zhao, Daoning Liu, Jianhui Wu, Chunyi Hao
Metabolomics simultaneously qualitatively and quantitatively analyzes the low-molecular-weight metabolites of an organism or cell at specific time points. Metabolomics can help us to better understand metabolic reprogramming in patients with PDAC. In this study, we identified 51 metabolites in 24 pairs of PDAC tissue samples and 26 metabolites in 24 pairs of serum samples using UPLC-MS/MS. In total, 7186 DEGs were identified in PDAC samples using public databases. Subsequently, KEGG pathway analysis was performed on the PDAC tissue and serum samples. Thus, four key metabolic pathways for patients with PDAC were identified: glutathione, arginine-proline, glycine-serine-threonine, and cysteine-methionine metabolism. All these pathways belong to the γ-glutamyl cycle. Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, and alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism also belong to the γ-glutamyl cycle. Valine-leucine-isoleucine biosynthesis relies on glycine-serine-threonine metabolism. As for nitrogen metabolism, Gln is the most important source of nitrogen [32]. In addition, ROS was increased in PDAC tumour tissues more than in normal pancreas, indicating substantial changes in the γ-glutamyl cycle in PDAC. The changes in the related genes and metabolites are depicted in Figure 6 and Figure S2 (supplementary material).
Identifying areas of improvement in nursing knowledge regarding hepatic encephalopathy management
Published in Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives, 2021
Aalam Sohal, Victoria Green, Sunny Sandhu, Marina Roytman
- Protein/calorie malnutrition is a common and underrecognized complication of cirrhosis [20]. Besides the liver, muscle tissue also plays an important role in removal of circulating ammonia [21]. Loss of skeletal mass may lead to decreased toxin clearance and as a result neuropsychiatric symptoms due to hepatic encephalopathy. The International Society for Hepatic Encephalopathy and Nitrogen Metabolism (SHEN) developed a consensus document in 2013. As per the document, dietary protein restriction should be avoided. There are studies which document that patients with hepatic encephalopathy can tolerate normoproteinemic diets and are able to benefit from them. Small frequent meals avoid undue gluconeogenesis in the liver and muscle. Amino acids are a substrate for gluconeogenesis and can lead to proteolysis of the skeletal muscle protein. This coupled with decreased protein synthesis is a frequent cause of sarcopenia in cirrhotics. As a result, small frequent meals with high protein were recommended by the society [22].
Function is what counts: how microbial community complexity affects species, proteome and pathway coverage in metaproteomics
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2020
Patrick Lohmann, Stephanie Serena Schäpe, Sven-Bastiaan Haange, Kaitlyn Oliphant, Emma Allen-Vercoe, Nico Jehmlich, Martin Von Bergen
The functional profiling of microbial communities is a unique feature of metaproteomics compared to other omics approaches. Biochemical pathways are essential for mediating environmental stimuli, and thus it can be expected that microbiomes from different habitats generate distinctly abundant pathways according to their host environment [38]. The up or down-regulated pathways according to the host environment can be further analyzed on each taxonomic rank to determine which present species is performing which particular function. We found that a highly abundant pathway of subsurface environment microbiomes is involved in nitrogen metabolism. A further pathway was found with high abundance for a gut-related function of the simplified gut microbiome (Figure 3(c)). For instance, this can be used to find out which metabolic pathways are responsible for the utilization of novel nutrients, stress response or amino acid biosynthesis [71]. However, this functional profiling of microbial communities is a unique feature of metaproteomics compared to other omics approaches. The trend in microbiome research is moving toward describing taxonomic distribution and elucidating functional networks, by determining the up or down-regulated pathways caused by stimuli and thereby constructing a comprehensive functional map of a community [72]. Therefore, we have provided an example of how metaproteomics yields insight into the overall functional reactions that describe the underlying environmental dynamics.