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Chemical Permeation through Disposable Gloves
Published in Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach, Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
Synthetic glove materials, nitrile rubber, and chloroprene rubber afford protection sometimes when PVC and NR do not.96 A disposable glove brand made of nitrile rubber has, for example, a BT of 41 min against triethylamine. Nitrile is also protective regarding substituted silanes and siloxanes—13 mil or 0.33 mm nitrile gloves protected from 20 min to 8 h or more depending on the chemical or the presence of methanol.97 Nitrile has also been reported as protective against hair dyes used in hairdressing as well as hair dyes in ethanol and hydrogen peroxide solutions; however, 0.14 mm nitrile gloves should be changed frequently as in some instances BT occurred a little longer than an hour.98,99
Endocrine Therapies
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
Darolutamide has a novel chemical structure compared to the other approved NSAAs. In common with these agents, it contains a phenyl moiety with two ortho-substituted electron withdrawing groups, in this case chlorine and nitrile groups. However, the rest of the molecule is unique and based on two pyrazole rings separated by an ethylamido chain.
Homicide
Published in Burkhard Madea, Asphyxiation, Suffocation,and Neck Pressure Deaths, 2020
Burkhard Madea, Musshoff Frank, Schmidt Peter
Cyanide toxicity has been extensively reviewed [2,32,70,144] and is therefore summarized only briefly here. Cyanide is absorbed through the lungs, gastrointestinal tract and skin. Symptoms can occur within seconds of HCN inhalation and within minutes of the ingestion of cyanide salts. The onset of symptoms may be delayed up to 12 hours after the ingestion of cyanogenic glycosides, nitriles or thiocyanates. The absorption time depends on the pH and solubility of the cyanide-containing compound. After absorption, cyanide is rapidly distributed by the blood circulation throughout the body.
The role of take-home naloxone in the epidemic of opioid overdose involving illicitly manufactured fentanyl and its analogs
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2019
Hong K. Kim, Nicholas J. Connors, Maryann E. Mazer-Amirshahi
Although data are limited, some guidance is available for first responders. Recommendations have been issued by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, the DEA, and the American College of Medical Toxicology/American Academy of Clinical Toxicology [143–145]. In general, they include education of first responders, particularly regarding the symptoms of opioid toxicity; when and how to use PPE; decontamination procedures; and instructions for naloxone administration. Proper evidence collection technique is critical for law enforcement personnel [143]. With regard to dermal exposure, nitrile gloves are adequate for low-level risks. For heavily contaminated areas, water-resistant coveralls are recommended. Rapid decontamination with soap and water should be initiated after skin exposure to limit absorption. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers should be avoided [145]. Eye and face protection should be worn if there is concern for splash exposure, and rapid decontamination with water should be initiated if exposure occurs. If there is the potential for significant aerosolized exposure, an N-95 respirator or P 100 mask should provide adequate respiratory protection [144,145]. Any first responder who develops objective symptoms of opioid toxicity should be stabilized, given naloxone if appropriate, and transported to a health-care facility for medical evaluation [143].
ACMT and AACT position statement: preventing occupational fentanyl and fentanyl analog exposure to emergency responders
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2018
Michael J. Moss, Brandon J. Warrick, Lewis S. Nelson, Charles A. McKay, Pierre-André Dubé, Sophie Gosselin, Robert B. Palmer, Andrew I. Stolbach
Fentanyl and its analogs are potent opioid receptor agonists, but the risk of clinically significant exposure to emergency responders is extremely low. To date, we have not seen reports of emergency responders developing signs or symptoms consistent with opioid toxicity from incidental contact with opioids. Incidental dermal absorption is unlikely to cause opioid toxicity. For routine handling of drug, nitrile gloves provide sufficient dermal protection. In exceptional circumstances where there are drug particles or droplets suspended in the air, an N95 respirator provides sufficient protection. Workers who may encounter fentanyl or fentanyl analogs should be trained to recognize the signs and symptoms of opioid intoxication, have naloxone readily available, and be trained to administer naloxone and provide active medical assistance. In the unlikely event of poisoning, naloxone should be administered to those with objective signs of hypoventilation or a depressed level of consciousness, and not for vague concerns such as dizziness or anxiety. In the absence of prolonged hypoxia, no persistent effects are expected following fentanyl or fentanyl analog exposures. Those with small subclinical exposures and those who awaken normally following naloxone administration will not experience long-term effects. While individual practitioners may differ, these are the positions of American College of Medical Toxicology and American Academy of Clinical Toxicology at the time written, after a review of the issue and scientific literature.
A comprehensive review of cytochrome P450 2E1 for xenobiotic metabolism
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2019
Jingxuan Chen, Sibo Jiang, Jin Wang, Jwala Renukuntla, Suman Sirimulla, Jianjun Chen
Aliphatic nitriles, acutely toxic chemicals, are heavily used in the manufacture of solvents, plastics, rubbers, and pharmaceuticals. The toxicity of aliphatic nitriles has been attributed to their metabolism to epoxides and cyanide, as well as glutathione depletion (Saldana-Ruiz et al. 2012). CYP2E1 is the only enzyme responsible for acrylonitrile epoxidation and subsequent cyanide liberation, while methacrylonitrile is also metabolized by other CYPs (El Hadri et al. 2005). Similarly, the metabolism of allylnitrile by CYP2E1 contributes to cyanide formation and acute mortality, probably via alpha-carbon hydroxylation (Boadas-Vaello et al. 2009).