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Neurobiological Substrates Mediating the Reinforcing Effects of Psychomotor Stimulant and Opiate Drugs
Published in Edythe D. London, Imaging Drug Action in the Brain, 2017
Carol B. Hubner, George F. Koob
If the noradrenergic system was important in mediating self-administration of psychomotor stimulants, one would expect norepinephrine agonists to decrease rates of responding for cocaine or amphetamine in a manner similar to dopamine agonists. However, no change in d-amphetamine self-administration behavior is produced in animals pretreated with the norepinephrine agonist, methoxamine (Risner and Jones, 1976). Furthermore, while various dopamine agonists maintain self-administration behavior, animals self-administering cocaine or amphetamine do not continue to respond for the norepinephrine agonist, methoxamine, or the selective norepinephrine uptake blocker, nisoxetine, when the latter are used in a substitution test (Risner and Jones, 1976; Woolverton, 1987). In addition, Ritz and colleagues have demonstrated that there is no correlation between cocaine (Ritz et al., 1987) or amphetamine (Ritz and Kuhar, 1989) self-administration and inhibition of norepinephrine transport.
Norepinephrine in Depression and Anxiety
Published in Siegfried Kasper, Johan A. den Boer, J. M. Ad Sitsen, Handbook of Depression and Anxiety, 2003
A variety of other measures also suggest differences in the LC of patients with depression or suicide. Direct assessment of the LC shows that some individuals with depression or suicide have decreased neuronal density compared with controls [12,85,86]. Tyrosine hydroxylase activity has been reported as increased [78], although another study reported a decrease in activity [87]. Reduced binding of radiolabeled nisoxetine, a ligand for the NA reuptake transporter, has been reported in the postmortem locus coeruleus tissue from suicide victims and patients with depression, compared with control subjects [88].
An overview of the pharmacotherapeutics for dystonia: advances over the past decade
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2022
O. Abu-hadid, J. Jimenez-Shahed
Rotigotine is a dopamine receptor agonist that is administered as a transdermal patch. It has been shown to bind to all forms of dopamine receptors, but has a particular selectivity to D3 receptors [86]. It has also been shown to have an agonist effect on 5-HT1A receptors as well as an antagonist effect on α2-adrenergic receptors [86]. An interesting review article, with an associated experimental mouse model for dystonia, shows that there is no significant difference in the use of various dopamine receptor agonists for treating different versions of idiopathic dystonia, excluding DRD cases [87]. Interestingly, the associated mouse experiment showed an improvement in disability scores among mice that received amphetamine, which non-selectively increases all monoamines, and GBR-12909, a selective dopamine reuptake inhibitor [87]. This improvement is not observed in mice that received citalopram, an SSRI, and nisoxetine, a noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor [87]. Over the past decade, only one case report shows improvement of a patient with CD using rotigotine patch, as botulinum toxin was contraindicated [88].