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Aquatic Plants Native to Asia and Australia
Published in Namrita Lall, Aquatic Plants, 2020
Marco Nuno De Canha, Danielle Twilley, B. Venugopal Reddy, SubbaRao V. Madhunapantula, N. P. Deepika, T. N. Shilpa, B. Duraiswamy, S. P. Dhanabal, Suresh M. Kumar, Namrita Lall
An ethanolic extract of the whole plant of P. crispus was fractionated into an EA partition, which yielded two compounds: luteolin-3′-O-β-d-glucopyranoside and flavone-6-C-β-d-glucopyranoside (Du et al. 2015). The carotenoid, rhodoxanthin, has been purified from P. crispus using a mixture of acetone and petroleum ether (1:1 v/v) (Ren et al. 2006). Four yellow-colored carotenoid pigments were identified from P. crispus,namely neoxanthin (Figure 3.28), violaxanthin, lutein, and β-carotene (Ren and Zhang 2008). There have furthermore been numerous studies that used GC-MS analysis to determine the constituents present within various extracts of P. crispus (Haroon and Abdel-Aal 2016, Lupoae et al. 2015). The bioactivity of P. crispus is described in Table 3.21.
Natural Carotenoids
Published in Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Megh R. Goyal, Masood Sadiq Butt, Phytochemicals from Medicinal Plants, 2019
Umair Shabbir, Sana Khalid, Munawar Abbas, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria
Carotenoid availability and their types can be determined by their color, for example, (1) β-carotene and α-carotene are abundantly present in yellow-orange fruits and vegetables; (2) zeinoxanthin and α-cryptoxanthin present in orange fruits, for example, papaya, mandarin, and orange; and (3) lycopene is the main component of tomatoes, grapefruit, and watermelon with bright red color. Lutein (about 45%), β-carotene (about 25-30%), neoxanthin (10-15%), and violaxanthin (10-15%) are present in green leafy vegetables.53 α-Carotene, lutein, antheraxanthin, zeaxanthin, and β-cryptoxanthin are also found in green vegetables in small amounts. Usually, β-carotene is abundantly found in many vegetables and fruits than to α-carotene.
Carotenoids
Published in Ruth G. Alscher, John L. Hess, Antioxidants in Higher Plants, 2017
Kenneth E. Pallett, Andrew J. Young
The loss of pigments in leaves and needles is one of the most noticeable features in trees subjected to atmospheric pollution. The series of events involved in such damage has not, as yet, been fully elucidated, although it is clear that photooxidative destruction of chloroplast components occurs in many cases. The effects of a number of pollutants (ozone, N02, and S02) on the carotenoid composition of leaves and needles have been investigated. In the case of ozone-mediated damage to leaves and needles, in which the production of hydroxyl radicals is thought to be important,77 damage to photosynthetic tissues is readily observed. A detailed examination of the changes in pigment composition in young barley seedlings as a result of exposure to ozone and N02 has recently been undertaken.78 The visible symptoms of fumigation with these pollutants are quite different: ozone resulted in the appearance of chlorotic patches all over the leaves, whereas N02 caused necrotic lesions to appear specifically at the edge of the leaf. Differences were also seen in the pattern of pigment bleaching with these two pollutants. The destruction of chlorophyll a and b proceeded at similar rates in the presence of ozone, but chlorophyll b levels, in particular, were severely reduced with N02 treatment. The pattern of carotenoid destruction was similar with both pollutants, with neoxanthin being the most susceptible and ß-carotene the most stable. The main xanthophyll, lutein, was much less sensitive to N02 treatment than to ozone. Traces of xanthophyll acyl esters were detected following prolonged treatment with these pollutants.
Neuroprotective effect of standardized extracts of three Lactuca sativa Linn. varieties against 3-NP induced Huntington’s disease like symptoms in rats
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Jai Malik, Supreet Kaur, Maninder Karan, Sunayna Choudhary
Lactuca sativa (LS) Linn. (Asteraceae), an important component of Mediterranean diet, is a leafy vegetable that is consumed fresh as a salad and is also used in the preparation of soups and vegetable curries because of its taste and high nutritional value.6 Besides its culinary uses, LS also has a great medicinal value and has been used traditionally in the treatment insomnia, neurosis, dry coughs, rheumatic pain and anxiety.7 Various studies have provided scientific proof about its potential as neuroprotective,8,9 antimicrobial, antioxidant, hypnotic,10 anxiolytic,11 memory enhancing12 and anti-inflammatory13 activities. All its activities have been attributed to the presence of phenolic compounds (caffeic acid, chlorgenic acid),7 flavonoids (quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol) and their glycosides, anthocyanins, carotenoids (lutein, β-carotene, neoxanthin, etc.)14 and sesquiterpenoids (lactucin, lactucopicrin, 8-deoxylactucin, etc.).15
Separating toxicity and shading in algal growth inhibition tests of nanomaterials and colored substances
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2022
Lars Michael Skjolding, Sara Nørgaard Sørensen, Karen Scharling Dyhr, Rune Hjorth, Louise Schlüter, Camilla Hedberg, Nanna B. Hartmann, Philipp Mayer, Anders Baun
The pigments neoxanthin, violaxanthin, lutein, α- and β-carotene and chlorophylls decreased as a function of increasing TiO2 ENMs exposure concentration (Figure 2(B)). A general suppression of these light harvesting pigments would be a natural response to an increase in light availability. However, in the setup with TiO2 ENMs the light intensity is kept constant as a function of exposure concentration. If shading would occur, an increase in light harvesting pigments would be expected, similar to findings in Figure 2(A). Consequently, the response following the exposure of TiO2 ENMs must be the result of toxicological events not related to shading. The biological responses of TiO2 ENMs have been proposed to consist of a range of different physical and chemical mechanisms occurring simultaneously (Chen et al. 2019; Metzler et al. 2012). However, in many testing setups, it is difficult to separate and distinguish the different mechanisms and determine the main cause for the observed effect (Skjolding et al. 2016).
Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals as Dietary Intervention in Chronic Diseases; Novel Perspectives for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2018
Carotenoids are a widespread group of naturally occurring fat-soluble pigments found in plants and animals (Mortensen, 2006). They belong to the class of bioactive compounds known as isoprenoid polyenes and are classified by the following characteristics: (a) vitamin A precursors that do not pigment such as β-carotene; (b) pigments with partial vitamin A activity such as cryptoxanthin, β-apo-8′-carotenoic acid ethyl ester; (c) non–vitamin A precursors that do not pigment or pigment poorly such as violaxanthin and neoxanthin; and (d) non–vitamin A precursors that pigment such as lutein and zeaxanthin (Omayma and Singab, 2013). Carotenoid is one of the most complex bioactive compounds due to its structure, which bears multiple conjugated double bonds and cyclic end groups, which makes them capable of forming various stereoisomers with different chemical and physical properties (Omayma and Singab, 2013). Reports have revealed that over 700 carotenoids have been identified; however, only 50 can be found in the human diet and are absorbed and metabolized effectively (Grune et al., 2010; Eroglu and Harrison et al., 2013). Examples of these metabolizable carotenoids often made available to the blood include lycopene, xanthin, beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin. These carotenoids can also be found in plant foods such as vegetables, tomatoes, and watermelon (Yeum and Russell, 2002; Roodenburg et al., 2000). Epidemiological studies indicate that a high intake of carotenoids is beneficial to human health and is due to their antioxidant activities (Miller et al., 1996)