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Rocket Science
Published in Norman Begg, The Remarkable Story of Vaccines, 2023
Another needle-free route is vaccines which are given by nasal spray. The lining of your nose is rich with immune cells, so when you squirt a vaccine up the nose, the immune response kicks into action immediately. Nasal spray vaccines have an important advantage for diseases that are spread by the respiratory route. A vaccine that is injected into a muscle provides a good immune response in the blood stream, but the immune response on the lining of your nose and throat is often weaker. When you catch a respiratory virus, it first grows on these upper airways, so a nasally administered vaccine that has a strong first line of defence can stop this happening before it goes any further. There is currently only one approved nasal vaccine, for influenza, but others are in development (one of the new COVID-19 vaccines being developed is a nasal vaccine).
Order Blubervirales: Core Protein
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
The high-level immunogenicity and adjuvanting effect of the HBc VLPs led to idea of combination with the traditional HBs vaccine. Thus, the therapeutic nasal HBc/HBs vaccine HeberNasvac, later simply NASVAC, was designed in the Cuba’s laboratories (Palenzuela et al. 2002; Aguilar et al. 2004; Lobaina et al. 2005, 2010, 2015; Betancourt et al. 2007; Lobaina Mato et al. 2016; Lopez et al. 2017; Bourgine et al. 2018; Fernández et al. 2018). A preliminary study showed that two different HBc variants, one of which contained eight residual aa in the C-terminal region, did not differ in their adjuvant effect on the HBs protein (Lobaina et al. 2005, 2006). It is necessary to emphasize that the phase I clinical trial performed by Betancourt et al. (2007) was the first demonstration of safety and immunogenicity for a nasal vaccine candidate comprising both HBs and HBc antigens.
Nasopharyngeal and oral immune system
Published in Phillip D. Smith, Richard S. Blumberg, Thomas T. MacDonald, Principles of Mucosal Immunology, 2020
Hiroshi Kiyono, Kohtaro Fujihashi
Notable examples of microbe Ag plus adjuvant CT that induce Ag-specific responses include the following. Nasal vaccines containing tetanus toxoid and mCT induce protective immunity and the generation of tetanus toxin-specific neutralizing Abs. Mice immunized nasally with Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) plus mCT induce antigen-specific mucosal IgA responses associated with effective protection against capsular serotype 3 S. pneumoniae A66. Nasal immunization with simian immunodeficiency virus p55gag plus CT results in selected TH2- and TH1-type cytokine profiles and Ag-specific IgA responses in mucosal secretions. Nasal vaccine containing outer membrane proteins of Haemophilus influenzae and adjuvant CT induces antigen-specific SIgA that blocks attachment of the bacterium to epithelial cells. Similarly, mice immunized with fimbrial protein of Porphyromonas gingivalis and CT generate antigen-specific IgA Abs in SMGs that inhibit P. gingivalis attachment and reduce subsequent inflammatory cytokine production by epithelial cells. Thus, nasal immunization induces both TH1- and/or TH2-type cytokine-producing Ag-specific CD4+ T cells in nasal lamina propria and SMGs, as well as spleen, that support the generation of Ag-specific SIgA and plasma IgG responses, respectively.
Patented therapeutic drug delivery strategies for targeting pulmonary diseases
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2020
Ajay Kumar Thakur, Dinesh Kumar Chellappan, Kamal Dua, Meenu Mehta, Saurabh Satija, Inderbir Singh
FluenzTetraTM is the first marketed respiratory vaccine for active immunization against influenza infection. It is a nasal vaccine formulation administered into the nostrils with the help of a nasal syringe. Pulmonary immunization is of particular interest when the use of intramuscular vaccines is associated with certain problems. Development of pulmonary administrable vaccines for tuberculosis and hepatitis B could be an attractive option over other routes of administration. With the advent of proteomics and immunohistochemistry, new biomarkers are being defined for understanding mechanisms and treatment for lung cancer and other severe pulmonary diseases. The pulmonary route presents plenty of challenges and opportunities for the development of novel drug delivery systems. Novel drug delivery platforms for pulmonary delivery of therapeutic agents should be evaluated for toxicity, stability, and effectiveness for overcoming regulatory restrictions.
Progress in mucosal immunization for protection against pneumococcal pneumonia
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2019
Viviane Maimoni Gonçalves, Kan Kaneko, Carla Solórzano, Ronan MacLoughlin, Imran Saleem, Eliane Namie Miyaji
Human and murine models have shown that mucosal exposure to pneumococcus elicits both mucosal and systemic humoral and cellular responses. Therefore, mucosal vaccination represents an attractive approach for immunization as it mimics the natural route of pneumococcus infection. Intranasal immunization with PspA has been largely studied showing promising results in protection against pneumococcal lung infection in animal models [93–98]. Early studies (Table 1) have shown that intranasal immunization with PspA co-administered with a mucosal adjuvant such as cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) or non-toxic cholera toxin is protective against pneumococcal challenge models of pneumonia and induces serum IgA and IgG to PspA [93,94]. Current studies are focused in developing non-toxin-based nasal vaccine delivery systems to enhance the efficacy of PspA and other protein-based vaccine candidates against pulmonary infections [84].
Induction of Th1 type-oriented humoral response through intranasal immunization of mice with SAG1-Toxoplasma gondii polymeric nanospheres
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Huma Naeem, Madiha Sana, Saher Islam, Matiullah Khan, Farooq Riaz, Zunaira Zafar, Haroon Akbar, Wasim Shehzad, Imran Rashid
Likewise, the nasal delivery of vaccine has emerged as an attractive alternate for classical route of injections due to the induction of both systemic as well as protective mucosal immune response. The nasal passage is the non-invasive route; its epithelium is sub-lined with huge immune cells which plays an essential role in up-taking the pathogens/antigen and present them on localized lymph nodes for mounting acquired immunity [33,34]. There are several studies which have shown the IgG and IgA humoral response after nasal administration of an antigen [35,36]. In T. gondii vaccination research, cholera toxin has been routinely used as a mucosal adjuvant [37,38]; however, ethical issues hinder its use in nasal vaccine strategies. In recent era, the encapsulation of the antigen into bio-adhesive (nano) particles is a promising approach towards successful nasal vaccine delivery. These antigen-loaded particles can be tailor-made by supplying them with targeting ligands, adjuvants or endosomal escape mediators to form the desired vaccine that provides long-lasting protective immunity [39].