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Reform, Racism and Rackets: Alcohol and Drug Prohibition in the United States
Published in Ross Coomber, The Control of Drugs and Drug Users, 2020
In 1915 an editorial in American Medicine noted the immediate consequences of drug prohibition and foresaw much of the tragedy that would follow: Narcotic drug addiction is one of the gravest and most important questions confronting the medical profession today. Instead of improving conditions the laws recentlypassed have made the problem more complex. Honest medical men have found such handicaps and dangers to themselves and their reputations in these laws … that they have simply decided to have as little to do as possible with drug addicts or their needs … [The addict] is denied the medical care he urgently needs, open, above-board sources from which he formerly obtained his drug supply are closed to him, and he is driven to the underworld where he can get his drug, but of course, surreptitiously and in violation of the law …Abuses in the sale of narcotic drugs are increasing … A particular sinister sequence … is the character of the places to which [addicts] are forced to go to get their drugs and the type of people with whom they are obliged to mix. The most depraved criminals are often the dispensers of these habit-forming drugs … One has only to think of the stress under which the addict lives, and to recall his lack of funds, to realize the extent to which these afflicted individuals are under the control of the worst elements of society (Brecher, 1972, p. 50).
Detection And Identification of Drugs of Dependence
Published in S.J. Mulé, Henry Brill, Chemical and Biological Aspects of Drug Dependence, 2019
A relatively excellent approach to the GLC of narcotic drugs was the peak shift technique reported by Anders and Mannering84 whereby derivatives of narcotic analgesics were prepared on the column by injecting anhydrides of acetate and propionate. The derivatives were formed with alcoholic or phenolic hydroxyl groups and with primary and secondary amines. Identification of the compound was achieved through comparison of the retention time of the unesterified free compound with that of the esterified derivative(s). The peak shift technique was used quite effectively by Mule’1 with extracts of tissues, urine, and blood. Figure 1 shows how effective the peak shift method was in forming esterified derivatives of morphine on the column by subjecting this drug to a homologous series of anhydrides. Retention data was obtained for the free drug, as well as the acetylated and propianated column derivative on a 2% SE-30 column at 215°C using an argon ionization detector. Unique differences were observed between 31 narcotic drugs representing 5 different chemical families.
The objective of the international drug control system
Published in Daniel Wisehart, Drug Control and International Law, 2018
Narcotic drugs are of a plant-based or synthetic nature (Art. 1 (1) (j) Single Convention). Plant-based narcotic drugs are opium, coca leaves and cannabis. The limitation of drugs to medical and scientific purposes applies to these substances from the moment that they are produced, i.e. once separated from their plant of origin (Art. 4 (c) Single Convention; Art. 1 (1) Single Convention). Before this moment, the cultivation of narcotic plants, i.e. the cannabis plant, the opium poppy and the coca bush, is subjected to an entirely different regime laid out by Arts 22 et seq. Single Convention. Article 4 (c) Single Convention is not applicable to the cultivation of those plants. This clearly derives from out of the wording of the Single Convention. Article 1 (1) (j) Single Convention defines a ‘drug’ as a substance classed in Schedules I and II. Although Schedule I contains plant-based materials, the plants themselves are not contained within Schedules I and II. Additionally, Art. 4 (c), while referring to drug production and manufacture, omits drug cultivation.
2019–2020 Southern Illinois University National Health Law Moot Court Competition
Published in Journal of Legal Medicine, 2021
In response, the defendants point out that their products are regulated and approved by the FDA and the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).3 The FDA closely monitors the promotion and marketing of prescription drugs to ensure that drug companies do not make fraudulent claims or promote off-marketing uses of their products. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services & Food and Drug Administration et al., Guidance for Industry: Oversight of Clinical Investigations—A Risk-Based Approach to Monitoring 1, 5 (2013), available at https://www.fda.gov/media/116754/download. In the case of narcotic drugs such as those involved here, the DEA regulates manufacturers, distributors, and retail sellers to ensure that these drugs are used for proper medical purposes. Id. The defendants maintain that they have fully complied with all FDA and DEA regulations and that their marketing activities were consistent with industry practice. They also point out that even if the State’s allegations regarding the defendants’ marketing practices are true, the State has not identified any particular doctor who was misled into prescribing any of the defendants’ opioid drugs.
Social determinants of drug use among older people with HIV/AIDS in Tehran
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2020
Salah Eddin Karimi, Neda SoleimanvandiAzar, Nasibeh Zanjari, Sina Ahmadi, Mohammad Ali Mohammadi Gharehghani, Diman Faez
By looking at the status of older population, we can easily see that the world’s population is getting older. On one hand, considering the results of studies that show people under the age of 60 continue to use narcotic drugs at the older age and also taking into account that there are 1200,000 to 2000,000 drug users in Iran (Armoon et al., 2018: Noroozi et al., 2018), it can be said that substance uses among older people is going to be one of the major problems in the coming years. On the other hand, the prevalence of substance use in HIV-positive people in Iran, especially in the older population is unknown due to the difficulty of accessing these people, the high variety of drugs and patterns of drug use. Also, few studies have looked at the social determinants of substance use. Therefore, given the importance of substance use among the older people with HIV, the purpose of this analytical study is to examine the social factors associated with drug use in the older people with HIV/AIDS in Tehran, Iran. The results of this study can help us to understand the various factors associated with drug use among the older people and can provide the health researchers and policymakers with important information to design and implement appropriate interventions toward older people with HIV/AIDS.
Caelius Aurelianus‘ textbook on medicine of the fifth century: rhythm in asthma, pain, and drug effects
Published in Chronobiology International, 2019
To the best of my knowledge, Aurelianus was the first not only to mention that tooth pain peaked at night, but that this pain could not totally be suppressed by drugs “ … Multi autem veterum Medicorum … ea medicamina adhibenda jusserunt, quae anodyna [Narcotica intelligit] Graeci vocaverunt, … quae ajunt nocturno tempore adhibenda, protecto sensum, non dolorem auferentia”. [Many of the old physicians' proposed drugs which the Greek named anodyne [narcotic drug] to administer at night, they protect against the sense of feeling but they do not eliminate the pain.] (Caelius Aurelianus 1722d). This is a wonderful description that the nightly peak in tooth pain cannot be totally suppressed by drugs as evidenced nearly 1500 years later in chronopharmacological studies by Hildebrandt (Pollmann et al. 1974), Reinberg (Reinberg and Reinberg 1977) and Lemmer (Lemmer and Wiemers 1989).