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Supercritical Fluid Extraction as a Sample Preparation Tool in Analytical Toxicology
Published in Steven H. Y. Wong, Iraving Sunshine, Handbook of Analytical Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Toxicology, 2017
Robert J. Maxwell, Janet F. Morrison
Finally, Maxwell et al.24 studied the solubility of a class of compounds known as the polycyclic ether antibiotics in SF-CO2 and in CO2 modified with water and methanol (MeOH). The compounds (lasalocid, monensin, narasin, and salinomysin) are complex cations under physiological conditions and were therefore studied as their sodium salts. The polycyclic ethers are characterized by a number of cyclic ether functionalities within their structures that accounts for their cyclic conformations in solutions and their ability to complex metal cations. Because of their unusual solution properties, this antibiotic class afforded the opportunity to examine conformation effects on solubility behavior in SFs. The observed solubility behavior of these antibiotic salts led to the postulation that the poly-ethers assume conformations in SFs similar to those reported in liquids.
Screening of natural compounds identifies ferutinin as an antibacterial and anti-biofilm compound
Published in Biofouling, 2021
Shella Gilbert-Girard, Inés Reigada, Kirsi Savijoki, Jari Yli-Kauhaluoma, Adyary Fallarero
In total, 45 compounds were identified as active against planktonic cells and 26 of them were also active against biofilms. Of those 26 hits, 15 were compounds with a known antibiotic activity (actinomycin D, antibiotic A-23187, chelerythrine, chromomycin A3, coumermycin A1, lincomycin, mithramycin A, neomycin, nigericin, rifampicin, troleandomycin, narasin, streptonigrin, echinomycin and lasalocid A) and were therefore discarded. Five compounds (doxorubicin, ellipticine, etoposide, gliotoxin and gossypol) with well-reported cytotoxic effects, or low biocompatibility indices, were also discarded. Six hit compounds remained: honokiol, tschimganin, tschimganidin, ferutinin, oridonin and deoxyshikonin. Tschimganin (bornyl vanillate) has limited supply options and it did not seem to be cost-friendly (prices can be up to 100 € mg−1, although they can vary between regions), which made it a less interesting option for further developments as a potential antibacterial compound. Moreover, a more affordable and structurally related compound was identified (tschimganidin), and thus tschimganin was not studied further. The structures of the five selected hit compounds are presented in Figure 2.
Outbreak of Haff disease caused by consumption of crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) in nanjing, China
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2019
Baofu Guo, Guoxiang Xie, Xiaocheng Li, Yun Jiang, Di Jin, Yonglin Zhou, Yue Dai, Shiqi Zhen, Guiju Sun
Thirteen samples of crayfish related to case disease, together with four samples of water and four samples of sediment from rivers where four cases had fished crayfish respectively were collected and sent for laboratory analysis. In 2010, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment of Ministry of Health had conducted a screening analysis of more than 200 toxins and drugs on 11 samples of crayfish from Nanjing local market, and the results were either negative or below toxicity threshold [15]. Specifically, chemicals that might cause rhabdomyolysis were analyzed for, including anticoccidiosis drugs (monensin, salinomycin, and narasin), niclosamide, and microcystin (MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR, MC-LA, MC-LF, MC-LY, MC-LW, and MC-WR) by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; and organophosphorus pesticides by gas chromatography.