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Acute Lung Injury In Children Due To Chemical And Physical Agents
Published in Lourdes R. Laraya-Cuasay, Walter T. Hughes, Interstitial Lung Diseases in Children, 2019
Many times the agent has been removed from the original container and put into a glass, cup, soft drink, or wine bottle.204, 205, 209, 217-219, 222 Combinations of “mischievousness”, carelessness in storage,224-226 and poor parental supervision have been cited as major predisposing factors.222, 225, 227, 228 The oily taste and smell of kerosene may not be appreciated by the victim until several gulps have been swallowed.209 Mineral seal oil has a pleasant smell and taste which seem to encourage large volumes to be ingested.205, 207, 215 In developing countries, kerosene is used as fuel, mostly among middle and lower income families, and ingestion by children is seen frequently.222, 229 In these cases, cups or jars frequently had been placed on the floor to catch the drip from a leaking fuel line to a stove.221 In Iraq, kerosene has been used as a medicine against worms,222 and in the U.S. kerosene has erroneously been thought to be a remedy for colds and croup.230, 231 Siblings have been known to feed hydrocarbons to infants less than 6 months of age.213 One 8-month-old was given kerosene instead of water in a nursing bottle, with fatal results.228 Intentional poisoning by abusive parents has been observed, and a bizarre case of a mother who injected her hospitalized child with i. v. naphtha with diastrous results has been reported.232
What should we tell our patients about marijuana?
Published in Betty Wedman-St. Louis, Cannabis, 2018
Many methods are used to concentrate the active constituents in cannabis. The organic solvents benzene, hexane, naphtha, petroleum ether, and butane pose a significant risk of toxic chemical concentration [23]. Hexane and benzene are neurotoxic, and naphtha and petroleum ether are potential carcinogens. Research has shown significant residues in these products [24]. A process called dabbing uses butane to produce higher THC content [25].
Organic Chemicals
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
n-Heptane is a standard for octane-rating measurements. Triptane, one of nine isomers of heptane, is used in aviation fuel. All isomers are employed in organic synthesis and are ingredients of gasoline and rubber solvent naphtha and other petroleum solvents that are used as fuels and solvents.94 Gasoline contains up to 0.01% n-heptane.84
Identification and evaluation of maintenance error in catalyst replacement using the HEART technique under a fuzzy environment
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
Mostafa Mirzaei Aliabadi, Iraj Mohammadfam, Keyvan Salimi
The catalyst reforming unit is one of the downstream units in refining and distillation refineries that raises the octane number of gasoline. The feed to this unit consists of a mixture of gasoline and heavy naphtha with low octane content and low aromatics. The compounds present in naphtha are converted to a compound with a high octane number after heating and reaction in the presence of hydrogen on the catalyst. This unit has a series of three fixed-bed reactors that are platinum/rhenium-based alumina catalysts with axial fluid flow. Figure 1 shows a sketch of the reforming unit. Many factors cause the gradual loss of catalyst activity, so-called spent, such as poisoning, structural changes, overheating or the presence of external substances such as coke. When hydrocarbons move through the catalysts consisting of a metal base and an acid base, the production of coke on the catalytic substrate is the main cause of loss or reduction of catalyst activity. In other words, the coke formation process is the result of the hydrogenation reaction of the hydrocarbons. Reforming unit catalysts need to be regenerated or replaced after they are spent, usually during overhaul.
Whole-body inhalation exposure to 2-ethyltoluene for two weeks produced nasal lesions in rats and mice
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2021
Madelyn C. Huang, Cynthia J. Willson, Sridhar Jaligama, Gregory L. Baker, Alan W. Singer, Yu Cao, Jessica Pierfelice, Esra Mutlu, Brian Burback, Guanhua Xie, David E. Malarkey, Barney Sparrow, Kristen Ryan, Matthew Stout, Georgia K. Roberts
Human exposure to C9 alkylbenzenes can occur occupationally and in the general population. The C9 aromatic fraction of Naphtha is primarily used as an additive for gasoline blending as well as a solvent for industrial coatings, sealants, paints, and automotive products (ICCA 2012). As these C9 alkylbenzenes are volatile, they are ubiquitous in the atmosphere due to automobile emissions, tobacco smoke, combustion processes, off-gassing of gasoline or solvent-containing products, and industrial release (Hellén et al. 2002; ATSDR 2005; EPA 2010; ICCA 2012; Shi et al. 2015; Wang et al. 2016; Zhang et al. 2017; McMullin et al. 2018). Occupational exposure to C9 alkylbenzenes occurs primarily through inhalation and dermal absorption with exposures ranging from 0 to 3 ppm (15 mg/m3) depending on the industry (ICCA 2012). In the general population, exposure is most likely via inhalation and is typically an order of magnitude lower than occupational exposures (ATSDR 2005; Danish EPA 2016; McMullin et al. 2018). Oral exposure via consumption of contaminated drinking water or dermal exposure through the handling of gasoline or consumer products is also possible.
Toxicological and ecotoxicological properties of gas-to-liquid (GTL) products. 2. Ecotoxicology
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2018
Graham F. Whale, James Dawick, Christopher B. Hughes, Delina Lyon, Peter J. Boogaard
The acute and chronic aquatic testing results for the main GTL products are presented in Tables 4 and 5, respectively. For most of the aquatic toxicity testing on GTL products, no adverse effects were observed at the highest loading rates (usually 100 mg/L). In fact, acute toxicity was only observed in the 48 h daphnia test for GTL Naphtha which was found to have a 48 h EL50 value of 10–32 mg/L. Given the lower carbon range alkanes in GTL Naphtha, it could be expected that, provided volatile losses are minimized, some toxicity to aquatic organisms would be observed.