China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Bacterial, Mycobacterial, and Spirochetal (Nonvenereal) Infections
Published in Ayşe Serap Karadağ, Lawrence Charles Parish, Jordan V. Wang, Roxburgh's Common Skin Diseases, 2022
Management: Early treatment with systemic antimicrobials, such as nafcillin 100 mg/kg/day intravenously in 4 divided doses or 50 mg/kg/day in 4 divided doses orally × 7–10 days, and general care usually leads to resolution; however, if left untreated or in the presence of debilitating factors, it can lead to pneumonia, sepsis, and death. The outcome is more serious in adults.
Drugs causing cutaneous necrosis
Published in Biju Vasudevan, Rajesh Verma, Dermatological Emergencies, 2019
Broad-spectrum antibiotics are preferred as most of the infections are polymicrobial. Options include combinations such as ampicillin, gentamicin, and clindamycin or metronidazole. Ampicillin-sulbactam, ticarcillin-clavulanate potassium, and piperacillin-tazobactam also provide adequate anaerobic and aerobic coverage. Piperacillin-tazobactam or ticarcillin-clavulanate potassium therapy has the advantage of providing gram-negative and pseudomonas coverage. Nafcillin plus agents with anaerobic and gram-negative coverage has also been used in the treatment of such infections [83–86]. Skin necrosis may be due to necrotizing infections secondary to neutropenia caused by various drugs.
Nafcillin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Nafcillin has been shown to be effective in a range of Gram-positive infections (mainly S. aureus) in children (Feldman et al., 1978; Kaplan et al., 1982), including cellulitis, bacteremia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, pneumonia, skin and skin structure infections, and meningitis. It has also been shown to be effective for surgical prophylaxis for cardiac valve surgery (Palmer et al., 1995).
How automatic notification of infectious disease specialists impacted the management of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in a community hospital setting
Published in Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives, 2018
Nicole Roe, Michael Wang, Samuel J. Wisniewski, Richard Douce
One limitation of our study is the retrospective design. There was also a total of n = 10 patients who were transferred to tertiary care facilities and thus not all information was obtainable. Another limitation is the size of our study. The number of cases in this study limited our ability to show statistical significance. The authors recognize that there is a minimum of two days between admission of a bacteremic patient and notification of the ID specialist. There are time delays between when the culture results become positive to when the email generates every morning to when the physician reads the culture results and evaluates the patient. This is also a chronologic study. During the course of this study, several publications emerged that may have influenced the management of patients, including articles that demonstrate that cefazolin is as good as nafcillin, but with fewer severe side effects and less expense [21,22]. An additional limitation is the external generalizability of these results. Further studies replicating the methodology here with not only a larger sample size but with recruiting samples from multiple health systems and examining other possibly relevant demographics variables such as socioeconomic status (SES) and healthcare costs could expand the applicability of the results observed.
Iclaprim: a differentiated option for the treatment of skin and skin structure infections
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2018
Stephanie Noviello, David B. Huang, G. Ralph Corey
The effect of iclaprim and trimethoprim on the expression and production of these toxins in vitro has been evaluated for MRSA and vancomycin intermediate S. aureus (VISA) [34]. MRSA were cultured using high initial inoculum conditions (>107 CFU/mL) to ensure detectable levels of toxin were achieved. Northern blotting was performed to analyze the expression of hla, lukf, and tst. For MRSA isolates, iclaprim and trimethoprim delayed the onset of mRNA production and shifted its peak production to later time points. Trimethoprim significantly increased PVL production compared to iclaprim-sub MIC treated isolates (Table 4). Iclaprim and trimethoprim suppressed, but did not eliminate, AH production and delayed, but did not reduce, maximal TSST-1 production. However, nafcillin increased production of the exotoxins, AH, PVL, and TSST-1. Higher concentrations of iclaprim and trimethoprim markedly suppressed mRNA synthesis and toxin production.
An update on adverse drug reactions related to β-lactam antibiotics
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2018
Konstantinos Z. Vardakas, Georgios D. Kalimeris, Nikolaos A. Triarides, Matthew E. Falagas
Although the currently available β-lactams are considered very safe from the renal point of view, serum β-lactam levels seem to be related to nephrotoxicity [20]. β-Lactams were associated with 55% of antibiotic-induced interstitial nephritis in a series of 133 cases of drug-induced interstitial nephritis; amoxicillin was the commoner cause of them [80]. Cases of interstitial nephritis had been described with methicillin and cephaloridine, both of which are no longer used in clinical practice or are not available in the market [6]. Dose-dependent interstitial nephritis has been reported with ampicillin, but the frequency is much lower than that of methicillin [6]; a rash usually accompanied the renal injury, suggesting an allergic reaction [81]. Nafcillin-treated patients had more adverse events than oxacillin-treated ones, especially hypokalemia and acute kidney injury; nafcillin was also discontinued more often than oxacillin [62]. Case reports attributing the development of interstitial nephritis to nafcillin [82], piperacillin/tazobactam [83–87], meropenem [84], ertapenem [88], cefepime [89], ceftazidime [90], ceftriaxone [91,92], and ceftaroline have been published [93]. Cases of nephritis have been reported even after prophylactic antibiotics, usually at high doses and coadministered with aminoglycosides [94].