China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Monographs of fragrance chemicals and extracts that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Musk is the secretion of an abdominal gland of the musk deer (Moschus moschiferus), a small, hornless deer species living in high plateaus of East Asia (Himalayas, Siberia). In the past, the animals were killed and the sac containing the secretion cut out. These sacs were dried and marketed. It contained a black brown, grainy mass with ammonia-animalic odor. The actual erogenic-animalic, dry woody musk odor develops on preparation of a tincture in 70-80% slightly alkaline ethanol. The musk tincture was used in the production of expensive luxury perfumes. Its major odor substance was muscone. Genuine musk is no longer used in Europe and the USA. It has been completely substituted by synthetic musk (2).
Natural Products and Stem Cells and Their Commercial Aspects in Cosmetics
Published in Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters, Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
Sonia Trehan, Rose Soskind, Jemima Moraes, Vinam Puri, Bozena Michniak-Kohn
For centuries, musk has been used in perfumes and other fragrance products. Originally, musk specifically referred to a secretion from sexual glands in male musk deer (Moschus moschiferus). While female musk deer also have the gland, males at reproductive age produce the odorous cyclic ketone compound muscone used in industry. More commonly, the term ‘musk’ refers to any compound that has a similar smell as to that emitted by male musk deer. Musk compounds are amongst the most important substances used in fragrances due to their odour and their fixative properties that cause slowed release of volatile fragrance compounds. Nowadays, it is less common to find musk compounds extracted from animals due to animal concerns, limited availability of the natural ingredient, and expense (Sommer, 2004). Some plants also produce musky aromas, either through their flowers, roots or seeds. These include the muskflower (Mimulus moschatus) native to North America, the muskwood or silver-leaved musktree (Eurybia argophylla or Guarea Swartzei) that grows in Jamaica and Australia, ambrette seeds (Hibiscus abelmoschus or Abelmoschus moschatus) that are found in India, and musk thistle (Carduus nutans) that grows in Europe and Asia (Panda, 2003). However, while many musk compounds have natural origins, most are synthesized as nitro musks, polycyclic musks or macrocyclic musks. The earliest synthetic musk compound was a nitro musk synthesized by chance in 1888 by the German chemist Albert Baur when he was working on improving TNT explosives (Sommer, 2004). However, there has been some debate on the toxicity of synthetic musks from human exposure (Taylor et al., 2014).
Transferrin receptor-mediated liposomal drug delivery: recent trends in targeted therapy of cancer
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Solmaz Mojarad-Jabali, Somayeh Mahdinloo, Masoud Farshbaf, Muhammad Sarfraz, Yousef Fatahi, Fatemeh Atyabi, Hadi Valizadeh
RI7217 mAb has shown a high affinity for TfR in the brain. Therefore, liposomes modified with this Ab can selectively target the brain cells [63,155]. Muscone and RI7217 co-modified liposomes have been prepared for docetaxel (DTX) delivery [65]. It was reported that muscone facilitated the uptake and permeability of some drugs into the brain parenchyma and could also relax the tight junctions between epithelial cells [156–159]. In vitro and in vivo evaluations on hCMEC/D3 and U87MG cells and tumor-bearing nude mice revealed improved anti-glioma activity and prolonged survival time [65]. OX26-modified PEGylated liposomes were designed for cisplatin targeted delivery [60]. This formulation is an example of a DDS with a controlled-release profile, which increased the therapeutic effects of cisplatin through TfR targeting. The obtained liposomes could enhance the cellular uptake and prolong the survival of glioma-bearing rats by 1.43- and 1.7-fold, respectively [60]. Temozolomide (TMZ), the first line of GBM treatment, suffers from poor BBB permeability, short half-life, and low influx and excessive efflux in tumor cells that lead to the poor prognosis of this drug [160]. To resolve these limitations, TMZ-loaded cationic immune-liposomes were decorated were anti-TfR single-chain Ab fragments (TfRscFv). The elevated amount of TMZ at the tumor site eradicated the drug resistance developed by cancer stem cells, prevented GBM recurrence, reduced unwanted toxicity, and ultimately prolonged the survival rate of intracranial tumor-bearing mice [161].
XingNaoJing injection ameliorates cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion injury via SIRT1-mediated inflammatory response inhibition
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2020
Yue-Ming Zhang, Xiao-Yu Qu, Li-Na Tao, Jing-Hui Zhai, Huan Gao, Yan-Qing Song, Si-Xi Zhang
XNJ injection is extracted from the Angong niuhuang pill, a traditional compound Chinese medicine widely used to treat stroke in China with the approval of the Chinese National Drug Administration (Guo et al. 2014). XNJ is a herbal preparation of Moschus (Moschus berezovskii Flerov [Cervidae]; 7.5 g), Radix curcumae (Curcuma wenyujin Y.H.Chen and C.Ling [Zingiberaceae]; 30 g), Borneolum (Blumea balsamifera DC [Compositae]; 1 g) and Fructus gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis [Rubiaceae]; 30 g). The quality control standard of XNJ is very strict and was described in our previous study (Zhang et al. 2018). Firstly, curzerenone was used to standardize XNJ, and the fingerprint showed that the high-performance liquid chromatography retention time for curzerenone in XNJ was consistent with that of standard curzerenone. Muscone and borneol were also used as quality control substances for gas chromatograph analysis; muscone should be no less than 0.1 mg and borneol should be between 0.8 and 1.2 mg in every millilitre of XNJ. Quality control results confirm the reliability of clinical XNJ preparations. Both clinical trials and basic experiments have shown that XNJ can improve brain injury, promote consciousness recovery, and provide neuroprotective effects in stroke (Xu et al. 2014; Wu L et al. 2016; Ma et al. 2017; Zhang et al. 2018). However, the specific effects and mechanisms of XNJ on the cerebral I/R remains unclear, which limits further clinical application. Here, we used both in vivo and in vitro models to investigate whether SIRT1-dependent inflammation repression is involved in the effects of XNJ on cerebral I/R injury.