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Bioflavonoids
Published in Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Megh R. Goyal, Masood Sadiq Butt, Phytochemicals from Medicinal Plants, 2019
Muhammad Sajid Arshad, Urooj Khan, Ali Imran, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria
Acute or lethal damage to the liver has been observed through various substances, such as galactosamine, phalloidin, ethanol, CCl4, and other compounds; and this injury can be controlled by the bioflavonoids having a hepatoprotective response. A study investigated the reputed remedial action of apigenin, naringenin, silymarin, and quercetin, against hepatotoxicity, is induced by microcystin LR, among which the most effective one was silymarin.19 In investigational cirrhosis, the bioflavonoid, venoruton, and rutin have shown hepatoprotective and regenerative effects.20,67
Economics of ESRD in Developing Countries: India
Published in Meguid El Nahas, Kidney Diseases in the Developing World and Ethnic Minorities, 2005
Facilities for purifying the water to a level suitable for use in HD are grossly inadequate throughout the developing world. The quality of municipal water is highly unpredictable. Water transported in tankers is used for dialysis in areas where the supply is irregular (37). Water treatment plants are not regularly serviced, and replacement of spent filters and cartridges is infrequent. This leads to substantial risk of exposure of patients to a number of contaminants. An example of this was seen in Brazil, when 50 patients dialyzed during a 4-day period in 1996 using water from tank trucks developed visual disturbances, nausea, and vomiting. Over the next 4 months, several patients died of liver failure. Investigations established contamination by a toxin named “microcystin-LR,” produced by an alga of the family Cyanobacteriaceae. The toxin was detected in the samples obtained from the source of water (a lake), the truck used for transporting water, dialysis filters, and the liver tissue of the affected patients. Investigations also revealed that the filters and cartridges in the water treatment plant had not been replaced on stipulated dates. In a survey carried out in 1999, only about 20% of all centers were found to be using some form of water purification system in India (38).
The role of apoptosis in non-mammalian host-parasite relationships
Published in G. F. Wiegertjes, G. Flik, Host-Parasite Interactions, 2004
Although there have been extensive studies on the apoptotic process in mammals (see Figure 2) and invertebrates and its role in cellular pathology and development, very little is known in comparison about apoptosis in ectothermic vertebrates such as teleost fish and amphibians. In recent years there has been an increased interest in the form and function of apoptosis in these lower vertebrates. In fish, apoptosis has been detected in several tissues, for example, reproductive organs (Janz et al., 2001), the retina (Kunz et al., 1994) and the gills (Wendelaar Bonga and van de Mrij, 1989). In studies carried out by Caputo et al. (2002) in the paedomorphic goby, Aphia minuta, apoptosis was noted in the intestinal enterocytes and was implicated in the adult mortality that occurs immediately after the breeding season. The authors suggested that the significance of this observation lay in the fact that it was the first recorded case in which the apoptotic process was associated with natural host mortality and had implications when considering population dynamics. Information obtained from studies on fish has also revealed that controlled cell death is involved in normal cell differentiation (Rojo and Gonzalez, 1999; Soutschek and Zupapnec, 1995), and in response to stress and pollutants. For example, Julliard et al. (1993) suggested that exposure to copper induced apoptosis in the olfactory system of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Toomey et al. (2001) noted that 2.3.7.8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin increased apoptosis in several organs in the embryos of Fundulus heteroclitus and Fischer and Dietrich (2000) observed that toxins produced from cyanobacterium, which are associated with fish kills, was associated with apoptosis in hepatocytes and renal tissue of carp (Cyprinus carpio). Microcystin-LR, a commonly encountered hepatotoxin in China, and cadmium have also been noted to induce apoptosis in carp and rainbow trout hepatocytes (Li et al., 2001; Risso-de Favernzy et al., 2001). Other environmental perturbations such as temperature have also been associated with apoptosis in fish tissues (Nolan et al., 2000a) as has consumption of toxicants (Kamunde et al., 2001; Lundebye et al., 1999) and the administration of drugs (Gogal et al., 1999). The association of apoptosis with environmental conditions is of course not unique to fish and has been described in many phyla. For example, Micic et al. (2001) noted tri-n-butyltin induced apoptosis in the gill tissue of the blue mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and indeed several authors (Piechotta et al., 1999; Sweet et al., 1999) have suggested that apoptosis might even be used as a biomarker of environmental quality. This relationship between pollution and apoptosis has important implications when considering the effects of another stressor, infection, on this association (see Hoole et al., 2003 for review).
DNA damage analysis concerning GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene polymorphism in gold jewellery workers from Peshawar Pakistan
Published in Biomarkers, 2020
Muhammad Khisroon, Ajmal Khan, Asma Ayub, Ihsan Ullah, Javeed Farooqi, Abid Ullah
In Pakistan, no mega-scale gold mining is done due to scarcity of natural gold deposits and indigenous gold production is done by artisan and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) and gold jewellery workers (Gosselin and Dubé 2005). For the extraction of gold, jewellery workers use aqua regia and in this process, nitric oxide is released (Jayakumar and Sasikala 2008, Telmer and Veiga 2009). Nitric oxide (NO) is produced during the extraction of gold by gold jewellery workers (Arun et al. 2016). The NO produces reactive species of nitrogen and oxygen (RNS and ROS) so cause DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and protein oxidation (Aitken and Curry 2011, Aitken et al. 2012, Arun et al. 2016). The NO deaminates cytosine to uracil and 5-methylcytosine to thymine hence causes mutagenicity in the cells (Nguyen et al. 1992). The ROS and RNS cause mutagenicity by microcystin-LR (Wang et al. 2015). Gold jewellery workers are also exposed to hazardous substances such as heavy metals (lead, silver, cadmium, mercury, antimony, beryllium, zinc, aluminium, zinc, copper, and arsenic), inorganic chemicals (trichloroethylene, aluminium oxide, asbestos, and silica), organic substances and solvents (xylene and toluene) (Speelman et al. 2004, Lansdown 2014, Abo-Zeid et al. 2015). These heavy metals and other organic and inorganic substances also cause DNA damage (Serment-Guerrero et al. 2011, Aktepe et al. 2015).
Autophagy in male reproduction
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2019
Yinci Zhu, Qingqing Yin, Dandan Wei, Zhenyu Yang, Yanzhi Du, Yi Ma
Zearalenone (ZEA), a nonsteroidal estrogenic mycotoxin, can be found in many food products. In ZEA-treated rat Leydig cells, the levels of apoptosis and autophagy are upregulated. Pretreatment with the autophagy inhibitor CQ increased the rate of apoptosis, while rapamycin decreased the rate of apoptosis, which implied a protective role of autophagy against ZEA-induced apoptosis (Wang Y. et al. 2014). Similar results can be concluded from the ZEA-treated rat Sertoli cells, xenoestrogen 4-nonylphenol (NP)-treated rat Sertoli cells, bisphenol A (BPA)-treated goat Sertoli cells, and dibutyl phthalate (DBP)-treated prepubertal rat germ cells (Duan et al. 2016; Zhang G. et al. 2016, Zhang Y. et al. 2017; Wang et al. 2018). In contrast, after being treated with a high dose of microcystin-LR (MC-LR), the accumulated autophagosomes seemed to facilitate the apoptotic process by elevating cytochrome C (Cyt C) and caspase 3 in rat Sertoli cells. In addition, the MC-LR-induced abnormalities were alleviated after the treatment with the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA (Chen et al. 2013). A cytotoxic role of autophagy could also be observed in the di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP)-treated mouse TM3 Leydig cells (Sun et al. 2018).
Cyanotoxin genotoxicity: a review
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Serkan Yilmaz, Taha Gökmen Ülger, Bayram Göktaş, Şahlan Öztürk, Duygu Öztaş Karataş, Ebru Beyzi
Although the chlorination method has been stated to be effective in removing some cyanotoxins such as microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and CYN, it has also been emphasized that high chlorine doses (>2–3 mg L−1) are required (Munoz et al. 2019). In addition, it is stated that chlorouracil and 5-chloro-cylindrospermopsin can be formed from cyanotoxins at high chlorine doses, and some cyanotoxins such as anatoxin-a and saxitoxin may be resistant to chlorination (Munoz et al. 2019). It has been emphasized that high carbon dosages and long contact times are required to remove cyanotoxins with activated carbon adsorption (Kumar et al. 2018).