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Latin American Endemic (Wild) Medicinal Plants with High Value
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Wild Plants, 2020
Amner Muñoz-Acevedo, María C. González, Ricardo D.D.G. de Alburquerque, Ninoska Flores, Alberto Giménez-Turba, Feliza Ramón-Farias, Leticia M. Cano-Asseleih, Elsa Rengifo
The pharmacological effects and ethnobotanical uses of the three selected plants along with useful parts are contained in Table 8.4. Based on the revised scientific literature, a few records on the active components of B. bucidaefolia were found; although, it is known that species of Byrsonima contain saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and triterpenes as the main families of compounds, which have been related to antibacterial and cytotoxic activities. Castillo-Ávila et al. (2009) isolated and identified two compounds (methyl gallate (60) and methyl m-trigallate (61)), from the leaf extract when it was evaluated for its antioxidant power by DPPH.. However, methanol or ethanol extracts were effective againts the parasites L. mexicana or T. cruzi.
Inhibiting the Absorption of Dietary Carbohydrates and Fats with Natural Products
Published in Christophe Wiart, Medicinal Plants in Asia for Metabolic Syndrome, 2017
Sabu et al. (2009) provided evidence that methanol extract from fruits of Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. (Figure 1.16) given orally to alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day for 12 days reduced glycaemia by 37.5%.81 This regimen brought to normal serum and hepatic lipid peroxidation and glutathione, whereas catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase enzymatic activities were increased.81 Aqueous extract from fruits of Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. given at 3% of diet to spontaneous type 2 diabetic Tsumara Suzuki Obese Diabetes (TSOD) mice for 8 weeks evoked a mild reduction of body weight and weight of visceral, mesenteric, and subcutaneous fat without reduction of food intake.82 This supplementation improved glucose tolerance as evidenced by a decrease of peak glycaemia from about 450 to 325 mg/dL after 30 minutes in oral glucose tolerance test.82 The extract decreased fasting insulinaemia as well as insulin resistance and decreased hepatic triglycerides.82 In ddY mice, the extract at a dose of 1 g/kg halved peak plasma triglycerides at 4 hours in olive-oil loading test suggesting pancreatic lipase inhibition.82 The extract inhibited the enzymatic activity pancreatic lipase in vitro with an IC50 of 65.7 μg/mL and gallic acid (Figure 1.17) isolated from it inhibited the enzymatic activity of pancreatic lipase with an IC50 of 3.9 μg/mL.82 In a subsequent study, gallic acid and methyl gallate, which are produced by members of the genus Terminalia L,. inhibited in vitro the enzymatic activity of α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 5.2 and 11.5 μM, respectively.83 Gallic acid and methyl gallate are derived from ellagitannins suggesting that α-glucosidase and/or lipase inhibition upon oral loading of ellagitannins can be elicited by gastro-intestinal metabolites.71 In fact, Espin et al. (2007) fed Iberian pigs with ellagitannins and observed the release of ellagic acid in the jejunum, which was directly absorbed in the first portions of the gastrointestinal tract.71 The intestinal bacterial commensal flora metabolizes nonabsorbed ellagic acid into benzopyranone derivatives such as urolithin A, which are absorbed.71
Designing of enzyme inhibitors based on active site specificity: lessons from methyl gallate and its lipoxygenase inhibitory profile
Published in Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, 2018
Sharanya C. S., Arun K. G., Vijaytha V., Sabu A., Haridas M.
It is found that methyl gallate inhibits arachidonic acid metabolizing enzymes directly and they have no role in their expression, as demonstrated in bone marrow-derived mast cells [37]. Also, methyl gallate has been demonstrated to be anti-proliferative on human epidermoid carcinoma cells A431 [38]. It has been demonstrated to be anti-inflammatory on experimental arthritis too [39].
Biological activities of leaf extracts from selected Kalanchoe species and their relationship with bufadienolides content
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2020
Justyna Stefanowicz-Hajduk, Anna Hering, Magdalena Gucwa, Rafał Hałasa, Agata Soluch, Mariusz Kowalczyk, Anna Stochmal, Renata Ochocka
The extract of K. blossfeldiana, which exhibited the strongest biological activities, did not contain bufadienolides. The compounds identified in this plant, apart from flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides, were carbohydrates, phenolic acids, tannins, sterols, and triterpenes (El-Shamy et al. 2013). Among phenolic compounds, four constituents have been described: methyl gallate, gallic acid, quercetin 3-O-β-galactopyranoside, and kaempferitin (El-Shamy et al. 2013). Palmitic acid was the major fatty acid, n-eicosane and n-octacosane were the primary hydrocarbons. The alcoholic extract of K. blossfeldiana showed significant activity on Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (El-Shamy et al. 2013). In another study, the methanol extract of K. blossfeldiana also exhibited antimicrobial activities on clinical isolates and standard reference strains (Sarkar et al. 2015). Pseudomonas aeruginosa exposed to K. blossfeldiana extract displayed reduced biofilm formation and secretion of virulence factors (Sarkar et al. 2015). In our study, we observed a significant effect of the K. blossfeldiana ethanol extract on Corynebacterium diphtheria, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Enterococcus hirae but no effect on Escherichia coliStreptococcus and Candida albicans. Furthermore, our cytotoxic results revealed that K. blossfeldiana extract had the highest antitumour activity on HeLa and SKOV-3 cells. Similarly, in the investigation of El-Shamy et al. (2013), the K. blossfeldiana extract showed the highest activity on HeLa cells and also on liver cancer HEPG2, colon carcinoma HCT-116, head and neck squamous HEP-2, and breast cancer MCF-7 cell lines. In comparison to K. blossfeldiana extracts, K. pinnata did not have strong activity on cancer cells, although the ethanol extract showed a significant effect on selected bacteria strains. The study of K. pinnata chloroform extract performed by Mahata et al. (2012) demonstrated weak activity on human cervical cancer HeLa cells and much higher apoptotic effect of the petroleum ether: ethyl acetate (50/50) fraction. The microbiological studies revealed that 60% methanol extract of K. pinnata and leaf juice inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Shigella dysenteriae, and Staphylococcus aureus (Akinpelu 2000; Akinsulire et al. 2007; Joseph et al. 2011). Furthermore, Tatsimo et al. (2012) showed the higher antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate fraction than whole methanol extract of K. pinnata on Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Candida albicans, and Cryptococcus neoformans.