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The Fabricated Organic Food Market
Published in David Lightsey, The Myths about Nutrition Science, 2019
To further illustrate the minimal exposure, I contacted a local, large farming operation in Bakersfield, California, Sun-World International Inc., and simply asked for some independent lab results of their pesticide residue testing program. David Fenn, at the time a Senior VP who managed food safety and inspections, forwarded the pesticide residue analysis results from Primus Labs in Santa Maria, California for their mandarins. The samples were taken November 17, 2007 for the chemicals methyl carbamates, organohalides, and organophosphates, and the results were: none detected in ppm.
Health and Psychological Effects of Low-Level Exposure to Chemical Warfare Nerve Agents
Published in Brian J. Lukey, James A. Romano, Salem Harry, Chemical Warfare Agents, 2019
Carl D. Smith, Kristin J. Heaton, James A. Romano Jr., Maurice L. Sipos, John H. McDonough
Numerous studies suggest that OP pesticide exposures can result in longer-term health and performance outcomes following a delay between the exposure and testing. Individuals experiencing acute OP pesticide poisoning performed worse 9 years later on various neuropsychological tests and mood assessments despite matching controls on neurological and blood chemistry exams (Savage et al., 1988). These results are congruent with other reports of degraded performance following an OP poisoning at 2 years (Rosenstock et al., 1991; Wesseling et al., 2002) and up to 12 years after the event (Steenland et al., 1994), although a third cohort reporting impairment at 7 weeks postexposure did not differ from controls at 2 years (Delgado et al., 2004). Wesseling et al. (2002) reported that banana workers poisoned by OP compounds exhibited a more robust decrement in neuropsychological performance compared with workers poisoned by n-methyl carbamate, suggesting that OP compounds have more toxic long-term consequences than other pesticides. It is important to note that individuals in these studies experienced an acute OP exposure severe enough to warrant an examination from a physician and/or hospitalization. Relatively few studies have examined longer-term postexposure neuropsychological outcomes in healthy workers handling OP compounds.
Coupled Mass Spectrometic—Chromatographic Systems
Published in Steven H. Y. Wong, Iraving Sunshine, Handbook of Analytical Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Toxicology, 2017
Acquiring structural information is frequently difficult because of the “soft” ionization that occurs in most liquid interfaces. This generally requires MS/MS analysis to obtain structural information, and no libraries exist to assist in spectral matching. Clearly, the major impact of HPLC/MS has been in the area of selective quantitation of compounds that are labile or difficult to prepare for GC/MS analysis. One of the first applications of HPLC/MS was xanthine analysis, and, for a time, caffeine was the primary compound for evaluating HPLC/MS interfaces. Similarly, the initial report of an APCI interface involved quantitation of labile sulfa drugs. As mentioned above, no single interface technique is optimal for analysis of all compounds. Pleasance et al. have compared several HPLC/MS interfaces for measurement of N-methyl carbamate pesticides.89 In the case of carbaryl in SIM mode, APCI had the lowest limit of detection at 50 pg, followed by ES at 500 pg, thermospray at 800 pg, and PBI at 10 ng. The same pattern followed for seven other pesticides studied. Although these compounds are not typical compounds for toxicological analysis, they illustrate the point that nonionic, low molecular weight compounds are best ionized by APCI, as summarized by Niessen and Tinke.34 Moving belt CI, thermospray, PBI, APCI, and ES were used in an attempt to analyze the labile oxidation products of paralytic shellfish toxins.90 ES was the only interface to generate analytically useful ions.
Isocyanate induces cytotoxicity via activation of phosphorylated alpha synuclein protein, nitrosative stress, and apoptotic pathway in Parkinson’s Disease model-SHSY-5Y cells
Published in Neurological Research, 2023
The study used an analogue of isocyanate, i.e. N-succinimidyl N-methyl carbamate (NSMC), because isocyanate is highly reactive, not readily available in market, and used by other researchers as a substitute of the NSMC [19,20]. Present study used SHSY-5Y cells to study the neurotoxic effect of isocyanate because SHSY-5Y cells exhibit several characteristics of dopaminergic neurons and a popular cell model for PD research. The dopamine transporter, tyrosine hydroxylase, and dopamine beta-hydroxylase are all expressed in these cells. Different agents can differentiate this cell line into a functionally mature neuronal phenotype. As a result of differentiation, SHSY-5Y cells stop proliferating and maintain a constant number of cells. Using SHSY-5Y cells has the disadvantage of being derived from tumor cells, which underwent numerous neoplastic transformations that may alter their function.
The old world salsola as a source of valuable secondary metabolites endowed with diverse pharmacological activities: a review
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Mai H. ElNaggar, Wagdy M. Eldehna, Mohammed A. S. Abourehab, Fatma M. Abdel Bar
Another miscellaneous group of nitrogenous compounds was reported from different Salsola spp., including simple nitrogenous compounds, such as methyl carbamate 1.11 from S. tetrandra, S. kali, S. longifolia and S. rigida69. The amino acid derivative, N-acetyltryptophan 1.1 was isolated from S. collina Pall. and S. grandis Freitag, Vural & Adiguzel66,70. Pericampylinone-A 1.14, terrestric acid 1.20, uracil 1.22, and uridine 1.23 were reported by Jin et al.66 from S. collina Pall. While salisomide 1.15 was reported by Saleem et al.57 from S. imbricata Forssk. The alkylamine, tridecanamine 1.21, was also reported from the aerial parts of S. terrandra Forssk71.
Differential interactions of carbamate pesticides with drug transporters
Published in Xenobiotica, 2020
Nelly Guéniche, Arnaud Bruyere, Mélanie Ringeval, Elodie Jouan, Antoine Huguet, Ludovic Le Hégarat, Olivier Fardel
If the concept that pesticides can interact with drug transporters is now well-established, as illustrated above, only a relatively small fraction of the total number of pesticides presently used in the world (more than 1000) has however been so far studied for potential interactions with drug transporters (Guéniche et al., 2020). Experimental data with respect to this topic remain thus limited. It is notably the case for carbamate pesticides, extensively used for agricultural and non-agricultural purposes, and presumed to exert various deleterious effects towards human health, including endocrine disruption and carcinogenicity (Dhouib et al., 2016; Miranda-Contreras et al., 2013; Patel & Sangeeta, 2019; Piel et al., 2019). Indeed, only few data have been reported with respect to putative interactions of carbamates with transporters; they demonstrated a lack of inhibitory effects of some carbamates towards activity of the human ABC efflux pump P-glycoprotein (P-gp/ABCB1) (Bain & LeBlanc, 1996) and an inhibition of the rabbit ABC transporter breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) by propamocarb (Halwachs et al., 2016). The present study was therefore designed to get insights about putative alteration of transporter activities by carbamate pesticides, to which humans may be highly exposed (Bouvier et al., 2005, 2006; Mostafalou & Abdollahi, 2017). For this purpose, we have analysed the effects of four representative carbamates, i.e. the two N-methyl carbamates aminocarb and carbofuran, acting as insecticides through reversible inhibition of insect cholinesterase activity, the herbicide chlorpropham and the fungicide propamocarb, towards activities of main drug transporters implicated in pharmacokinetics. Such transporters were ABC pumps (P-gp, BCRP and multidrug-resistance associated proteins (MRPs/ABCCs)), SLC transporters of organic anions (organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1/SLCO1B1, OATP1B3/SLCO1B3, OATP2B1/SLCO2B1, organic anion transporter (OAT) 1/SLC22A6 and OAT3/SLC22A8) and SLC transporters of organic cations (organic cation transporter (OCT) 1/SLC22A1, OCT2/SLC22A2, multidrug and toxin extrusion protein (MATE) 1/SLC47A1 and MATE2-K/SLC47A2). The prototypical N-methylcarbamates aminocarb and carbofuran were found to not, or only poorly, inhibit drug transporters, whereas chlorpropham blocked OAT3 and BCRP activities. With respect to propamocarb, it inhibited activities of OCT1 and OCT2 and cis-stimulated that of MATE2-K, without being substrate for these transporters.