China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Plant-Derived Compounds as New Therapeutics for Substance Use Disorders
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Kevin S. Murnane, Mary Frances Vest
For example, the abuse liability of stimulants has been attributed primarily to their actions at the dopamine transporter (DAT), with a significant correlation between DAT occupancy and subjective feelings of drug high and rush in human studies (Ritz et al., 1987; Volkow et al., 1999). Methamphetamine is a dangerous amphetamine derivative that produces significant effects on physical, behavioral, cognitive and psychiatric output. It does so by promoting dopamine signaling through substrate-based release at the DAT (Fleckenstein et al., 2007).
Substance Use Disorders
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Maternal-Fetal Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Amphetamines are a group of synthetic stimulants which are structurally similar to norepinephrine [155]. Amphetamines increase levels of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine by increasing release and blocking re-uptake [156]. Street names for amphetamines include Dexies (dextroampheamine), Bennies (Benzedrine), Speed, Ice, and Crystal (methamphetamine). Bath salts are often call Blizzard, Cloud 9, Ivory Wave, or Meow [154]. Amphetamines can be injected, snorted, smoked (78.3% for methamphetamines), or taken orally or anally [157]. Ecstasy is typically taken as a pill but is also found in a powder form referred to as “Molly”. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is sometimes referred to as “Liquid Ecstasy” but is chemically and pharmacologically unrelated to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine.
Advocacy practices
Published in Kate Seear, Law, Drugs and the Making of Addiction, 2019
Here, Maxwell’s strategy is shaped by what he anticipates courts will think of drugs (i.e. that they are a ‘scourge’). Because he expects the court to react this way, he believes it is necessary to position drug use as ‘wrong’. Implicit in Maxwell’s account is a need to downplay any benefits associated with drugs (including pleasure), regardless of his client’s lived experience. His clients will also need to account for the decision to take drugs, or otherwise problematise the extent to which those choices were made freely. It is here that we see a shift in nomenclature in Maxwell’s account: from drug ‘use’ to drug ‘addiction’. Anticipating that the magistrate will take pity on his client by framing it this way, Maxwell depicts his client as an addict fighting a ‘battle’, where addiction is ‘ugly’ and ‘lonely’. As he explained: having an ‘addict’ is better than having someone who has used methamphetamines just on a weekend occasionally, and then gone and beaten up their partner.(Maxwell, Australia)
Prevalence and high-risk behaviors associated with non-fatal overdose among people who use illicit opioids: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2022
Bahram Armoon, Azadeh Bayani, Mark D. Griffiths, Amir-Hossein Bayat, Rasool Mohammadi, Ladan Fattah Moghaddam, Elahe Ahounbar
Witnessing others’ overdose has been reported as a key risk factor for self-overdose in prior research. Such experience (witnessing overdose) is highly prevalent in young PWIDUs (Ochoa et al., 2005).The findings suggested that the likelihood of experiencing a recent overdose experience was greater among those using methamphetamine, and in line with the results of some other empirical studies (Gossop et al., 2002; Kinner et al., 2012). In the present study, there were associations between non-fatal overdose and non-injection methamphetamine use among PWIDUs as has been reported in several studies (Coffin et al., 2003; Sergeev et al., 2003). There were also associations in the present study between overdose and opiates, alcohol, and benzodiazepines use among PWIDs as has been reported in several studies (Coffin et al., 2003; Sergeev et al., 2003). Such drugs are depressants of the central nervous system, therefore, the risk of overdose is increased following their use, in particular when consumed in combination with other psychoactive substances. Prior findings have indicated an association between a significantly-declined risk of overdose and non-injection use of any illicit substance (Brugal et al., 2002; Darke & Hall, 2003).
Synergistic effect of combined transcranial direct current stimulation and Matrix Model on the reduction of methamphetamine craving and improvement of cognitive functioning: a randomized sham-controlled study
Published in The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2022
Yasha Fayaz Feyzi , Neda Vahed, Nazanin Sadeghamal Nikraftar, Reza Arezoomandan
In summary, patients with methamphetamine use disorder experience a wide range of problems, including a high rate of drug craving and cognitive deficits. Although there is evidence showing the effectiveness of some treatment modalities, including the tDCS and Matrix Model, in addressing these problems, the limitations of the previous studies make it difficult to draw a firm conclusion. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the synergistic effects of tDCS combined with Matrix psychotherapy on methamphetamine craving and cognitive functions. Accordingly, this study aimed to examine the impact of repeated anodal tDCS over the left DLPFC combined with Matrix psychotherapy on the craving, relapse, and cognitive functioning of participants with methamphetamine use disorder.
Past-year methamphetamine use among US young adults: 2015-2018
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2020
Robert Andrew Yockey, Keith A. King, Rebecca A. Vidourek
From 2018 to 2019, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated a 24.6% increase in deaths related to methamphetamine use (Ahmad, Escobedo, Rossen, Spencer, Warner & Sutton, 2019). Delineating factors to recent use may bolster prevention efforts and harm reduction strategies associated with methamphetamine use. The present study used national data over multiple years to assess the prevalence and correlates to past-year methamphetamine use among US young adults. Although methamphetamine was estimated to be low (1.02%), concurrent use of other illicit drugs such as LSD remained high. This is of concern, given several harms of comorbid substance use including death, cognitive distortions, and risk for dependence (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Harm reduction programs such building goals, strengthening an environment for social support, and anticipating crises are recommended for treatment of comorbid substance use (Carey, 1996).