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Licit and illicit drugs
Published in Jason Payne-James, Richard Jones, Simpson's Forensic Medicine, 2019
Jason Payne-James, Richard Jones
Meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (MCPP) is also a piperazine and a non-selective serotonin receptor agonist. It is sold as legal alternative to illicit stimulants, mostly in New Zealand. Like the other piperazines, MCPP is sometimes sold as faux MDMA. MCPP causes headaches in humans, and has been used as a challenge agent for testing potential anti-migraine medications. Up to 10 per cent of those who take MCPP will develop a migraine headache, and 90 per cent of individuals who commonly suffer from migraines will have an attack if challenged with MCPP. This has tended to limit the use of MCPP as a recreational drug, and may explain why no deaths have been reported after its use. There are also reports that MCPP has been used as a cocaine adulterant.
Disorders of brain structure and function and crime
Published in John C. Gunn, Pamela J. Taylor, Forensic Psychiatry, 2014
Pamela J Taylor, John Gunnm, Michael D Kopelman, Veena Kumari, Pamela J Taylor, Birgit Völlm, Mairead Dolan, Paul d‘Orban, John Gunn, Anthony Holland, Michael D Kopelman, Graham Robertson, Pamela J Taylor
Meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) acts as releasing agent and reuptake inhibitor at most serotoninergic receptors. Studies using it as a pharmacological challenge have largely confirmed observations from fenfluramine challenge studies with people who have BPD (Hollander et al., 1994; Rinne et al., 2000). Moss et al. (1990) found blunted 5-HT sensitivity in a sample with ASPD and comorbid substance abuse disorders. A general pattern of inverse correlation between prolactin responses and Buss–Durkee hostility inventory assaultiveness subscale scores was found in all participants, including the healthy controls. A negative relationship between prolactin response and the irritability subscale was also found in two mCPP studies in patients with mixed personality disorders (Cocarro et al., 1991, 1997b).
Dynamical Modeling And Application Of Complex Viscoelastic Structure
Published in Siegfried Kasper, Johan A. den Boer, J. M. Ad Sitsen, Handbook of Depression and Anxiety, 2003
Philip T. Ninan, Thomas K Cummins, Xinong Zhang
The function of the serotonin system has also been studied to a limited extent in GAD. In one study, the 5HT agonist meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) has been shown to produce increased anxiety and hostility in GAD [13]. Reduced cerebrospinal fluid levels of 5HT [14] and reduced platelet paroxetine binding [15] have also been observed in GAD. Limited studies have also been done on the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor system. A lower number of peripheral benzodiazepine binding sites have been noted on platelets [16] and lymphocytes[17]. In two studies, treatment with benzodiazepine drugs produced an increase in the number of peripheral binding sites [16,18]. Reduced sensitivity of central benzodiazepine receptors has also been found in one study [19].
Psychiatric and non-psychiatric drugs causing false-positive amphetamines urine test in psychiatric patients: a pharmacovigilance analysis using FAERS
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2023
Vera Battini, Giovanna Cirnigliaro, Luca Giacovelli, Maria Boscacci, Silvia Massara Manzo, Giulia Mosini, Greta Guarnieri, Michele Gringeri, Beatrice Benatti, Emilio Clementi, Bernardo Dell’Osso, Carla Carnovale
In line with the results from literature, in our FAERS analysis, 125 out of 286 ICSRs (44%) involved drugs used for psychiatric disorders. Due to their neuromodulatory effects, mostly acting on neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline, these drugs may share a similar molecular structure; at the same time, amphetamine has a very similar structure to the catecholamine neurotransmitters, mainly for its long planar conformation, an aromatic ring, and a nitrogen in the aryl side chain. An example of this similarity has been observed between the trazodone metabolite meta-chlorophenylpiperazine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and amphetamine [78]; similarly, selegiline is metabolized into active metabolites desmethyl-selegiline, L-methamphetamine, and L-amphetamine [75]. Conversely, it is currently not clear how the threo-amino-bupropion metabolite could cause false-positive results [52]. Therefore, immunoassays might provide misleading results when analyzing molecules sharing the same chemical group.
The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) 2020 guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of paraphilic disorders
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2020
Florence Thibaut, Paul Cosyns, John Paul Fedoroff, Peer Briken, Kris Goethals, John M. W. Bradford
Serotonin and dopamine affect, to a lesser extent, sexual behaviour, as shown in animal and human studies (Bradford 1999, 2001; Kafka 2006). Dopamine agonist treatments may be associated with hypersexual behaviours and, in some cases, with sexual delinquency (see also Chapter 6.4.1.1). Levels of norepinephrine, dopamine, dihydroxyphenylalanine and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid were significantly higher and serotonin levels were lower in patients with paraphilias with compulsive symptoms. Thus neurotransmitters levels seem to be more relevant to control on sexual behaviour but not on paraphilia itself (Kogan et al. 1995). Maes et al. (2001) have reported that paedophilia was accompanied by increased plasma concentrations of catecholamines. Nine men with paedophilia had higher cortisone and prolactin levels in response to meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (a serotonin (5HT) agonist) as compared to controls. This may be a marker of serotoninergic disturbance in paedophilia. The results suggest that there is a decreased activity of the serotoninergic presynaptic neuron and a 5-HT2 postsynaptic receptor hyperresponsivity in paedophilic subjects (Maes et al. 2001). Bradford (1996) has speculated that serotonin may be the most critical neurotransmitter in forensic mental health.
A First-in-Man Study with 4-Fluoroamphetamine Demonstrates it Produces a Mild Psychedelic State
Published in Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2019
K. P. C. Kuypers, E. B. De Sousa Fernandes Perna, E. L Theunissen, S. W. Toennes, N. L. Mason, N. R. P. W. Hutten, J. G. Ramaekers
Previous studies using the retrospective questionnaires have shown that typical stimulants, such as d-amphetamine and meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP), psychedelics such as salvia divinorium, ayahuasca, LSD, and DMT, dissociative agents such as ketamine, and empathogens such as MDMA increase ratings on the Hallucinogenic Rating Scale (HRS) and/or the five-dimensional Altered States of Consciousness Scale (5D-ASC) (González et al. 2006; Johanson et al. 2006; MacLean et al. 2013; Riba et al. 2006; Tancer and Johanson 2003). However, when visually comparing the scores after administration of some the aforementioned substances and 4-FA on the three main scales of the 5D-ASC—oceanic boundlessness, anxious ego dissolution, and visionary restructuralization—it is notable that 4-FA produces a psychedelic state that is substantially milder than said psychedelics (Liechti, Dolder, and Schmid 2017) and a high dose (0.9–1.0 mg/kg) of amphetamine (Vollenweider et al. 1998). However, when comparing to a more common dose of amphetamine (40 mg; unpublished data), ratings after 4-FA are similar to slightly higher, though still low. These findings show that the psychedelic state induced by amphetamine, a substance closely related to 4-FA, is dose-dependent, with higher doses leading to a more pronounced subjective effect compared to lower doses of the substance, suggesting that higher doses of 4-FA potentially induce a stronger psychedelic state. While for the 5D-ASC there are a reasonable number of studies to compare with, for the HRS there is not a lot of reference material. A closer look at the phenomenology is not possible since the scores on the lower-order scales of the 5D-ASC, which could reveal more about the detail of the experience, are not always presented in papers.