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The Potential of Plants as Treatments for Venous Thromboembolism
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Lilitha L. Denga, Namrita Lall
Coumarin derivatives have attractive anticoagulant Vitamin K antagonist activity (Lei et al. 2015). Dicoumarol is a Vitamin K antagonist produced by fungal species such as Penicillium nigricans and Penicillium jensi on Melilotus alba Medik. and Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall. (sweet clover) (Madari et al. 2003). Dicoumarol is the building block for modern-day Vitamin K antagonists, and its derivatives are hydroxylated in position 4 and have a substitution in position 3 (Lei et al. 2015). These are the minimum requirements for the anticoagulant activity of coumarins. Warfarin is a synthetic derivative of dicoumarol synthesized by the Michael addition of 4-hydroxycoumarin and benzolactone (Jain and Joshi 2012).
Fenugreek
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Prasad Thakurdesai, Fenugreek, 2022
Ujjwala Kandekar, Sunil Ramdasi, Prasad Thakurdesai
The major alkaloid of fenugreek seeds, trigonelline, is known for its efficacy against diabetes melilotus (Shah et al. 2006; Subramanian and Prasath 2014; Upaganlawar, Badole, and Bodhankar 2013; Zhou, Chan, and Zhou 2012). The pharmacokinetics evaluation using specially developed and validated HPLC methods suggested slow absorption, longer half life, and high resident time of trigonelline in diabetic rats than normal rats (Manwatkar et al. 2008). Single oral administration of trigonelline (75 mg/kg) to rats showed significantly different pharmacokinetic parameters, namely Tmax (120 min v/s 60 min), Cmax (28.52 µg/ml v/s 42.26 µg/ml), AUC 0→∞ (459.9713 µg/ml v/s 190.0253 µg/ml), t1/2/Half-life (24 h v/s 5.13 h), and mean resident time (MRT) (10.6 h v/s 6.29 h) (Manwatkar et al. 2008).
The twentieth century
Published in Michael J. O’Dowd, The History of Medications for Women, 2020
It transpired that the melilots (sweet clover) Melilotus alba and Melilotus officinalis, were introduced from Europe early in the twentieth century and planted on the plains of Dakota and Canada because they flourished on poor soil and were a substitute for corn in silage. Two decades later farmers in the region began to report a mysterious catde disease characterized by hemorrhage, often copious, which, though sometimes spontaneous, more often followed trauma. In one case it was reported that 12 of 25 young bulls had died after castration — they had all bled to death. F.S. Schofield, a veterinary pathologist in Alberta, first described the disease and found that the abnormal bleeding only occurred in catde which had eaten moldy sweet clover, while properly cured hay was harmless (Laurence, 1973). He discovered that the clotting time was prolonged and reported his observation to the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association in 1924. A number of years later L.M. Roderick, a veterinary surgeon in Dakota, showed that the alteration in the dotting time was due to a reduced crude prothrombin fraction in the blood. At the same time A.J. Quick introduced the one-stage prothrombin test that proved essential for further progress in unraveling the cause of the disease (Hollman, 1992).
Intestinal epithelial damage due to herbal compounds – an in vitro study
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Susan M. Britza, Ian F. Musgrave, Rachael Farrington, Roger W. Byard
Although certain side effects are also caused by adulterants and contaminants (Byard 2010, Coghlan et al.2015, Hoban et al.2018, Crighton et al.2019), or by adverse herb-drug interactions (Hu et al.2005), on occasion tissue damage may be due directly to the toxic effects of the active herbal ingredients (He et al.2019). Coumarin, a known hepatotoxic compound and a potential gastrointestinal toxic phytochemical, is found in abundance in many plant species (Tanaka et al.2016, Stefanachi et al.2018). Herbal medicines that contain coumarins are often used as aromatic agents in beverages and cosmetics, but also for the purported anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulation, anti-microbial and anti-edema properties (e.g. Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall, Anthoxanthum odoratum (L.), Galium odoratum (L.) Scop, Angelica pubescentis radix) (Wink 2015, Van Wyk and Wink 2017, Ge et al.2019). As is common in traditional medicine, combinations of multiple herbs in a single treatment can result in higher concentrations of key phytochemicals (Zhou et al.2017); these combinations with other phytochemicals may potentiate the effects of coumarins.
Nanotoxicity of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) to environmentally relevant beneficial soil bacteria – a critical review
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2019
Ricky W. Lewis, Paul M. Bertsch, David H. McNear
Sinorhizobium meliloti is a soil bacterium capable of fixing N2 through a symbiotic relationship with plant species from the Medicago, Melilotus, and Trigonella genera (Roumiantseva et al. 2002). The symbiosis between Si. meliloti and the model legume, Medicago truncatula, is currently being exploited to dissect the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of the legume symbiosis and much more. The plant growth-promoting abilities of Si. meliloti in non-leguminous plants (lettuce) have been known for some time now (Galleguillos et al. 2000), but the mechanism remains obscured. Some strains of rhizobia have been shown to exhibit ACC deaminase activity which may lead to plant growth promoting activities, but it is not thought that Si. meliloti 1021 possesses the ACC deaminase gene (Ma et al. 2003).
Protective effect of Euphorbia thymifolia and Euphorbia hirta against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2022
Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian, Wen-Chao Liu, Vijaya Anand Arumugam, Durai Muthu Mani Gurupalraj, Manikandan Ramasamy, Shenbagam Madhavan, Shanmugam Velayuthaprabhu, Sungkwon Park
The presence of phenolic compounds might break the free radical chain and donate the hydrogen atom resulting in reducing the free radical formation. The previous study of Hasan et al. [33] also showed similar effects of methanolic extracts of Hypochaeris radicata against the DPPH, demonstrating that reducing power is directly proportional to the total phenolic content [34]. Similarly, the extracts of Astragalus eremophilus and Melilotus indicus have potential free radical scavenging activity by the DPPH method [35].