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Structure-Function Elucidation of Flavonoids by Modern Technologies
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Pulok K. Mukherjee, Natural Medicines, 2019
Ritu Varshney, Neeladrisingha Das, Rutusmita Mishra, Partha Roy
With the increased incidence of diabetes, many synthetic drugs have been established to combat this disease, such as α-glucosidase inhibitors, sulfonylurea, biguanides, thiazolidinediones and meglitinide derivatives. These drugs pose several limitations, including lack of effectiveness, higher cost and various side effects, such as hypoglycaemia, weight gain, oedema, anaemia, congestive heart failure, liver dysfunction and gastrointestinal side effects including abdominal discomfort, bloating, anorexia and diarrhoea (Cheng and Fantus 2005; Gupta et al. 2016). Considering all of the disadvantages and side effects of already established drugs, there is need for more efficient compounds/drugs with lesser side effects. Traditional plant-based medicines are effective, economical and safe with no or lesser side effects. These herbal plants or active phytoconstituents are thus considered to be substitutive and outstanding candidates in combating diabetes (Amiot et al. 2016). As the occurrence of the disease is succeeding unabated, there is a critical need for finding effective natural plants/phytochemicals to develop new competent therapeutics (Sharma et al. 2008; Amiot et al. 2016).
Drug-Related Sarcopenia
Published in Kohlstadt Ingrid, Cintron Kenneth, Metabolic Therapies in Orthopedics, Second Edition, 2018
A recent review considered not only one drug class, but provided a broad overview of medications that are helpful or harmful to muscle. Campins et al., defined oral drugs that are associated with muscle function and categorized them as harmful or beneficial. Drugs that were found to be beneficial to muscle function include ACE inhibitors, ARBs, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, incretins, allopurinol, formoterol, and vitamin D. Statins, sulfonylureas, and glinides (meglitinide) were found to be harmful to muscle function.9 The following sections will expand on these and other drug-related effects.
Noninsulinoma pancreatogenous hypoglycemia syndrome and postbariatric hypoglycemia
Published in Demetrius Pertsemlidis, William B. Inabnet III, Michel Gagner, Endocrine Surgery, 2017
Spyridoula Maraka, Adrian Vella
NIPHS was first described in 1999 [13]. It is a rare syndrome characterized by endogenous hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia in the absence of a discrete insulinoma. The predominant clinical feature of NIPHS is neuroglycopenia 2–4 hours postprandially but not in the fasting state. In contrast, most patients with insulinomas have fasting hypoglycemia [14]. Although a significant minority report postprandial symptoms, the occurrence of symptoms solely postprandially is seen in approximately 6% of patients with insulinoma [7]. During episodes of hypoglycemia, patients with NIPHS have elevated plasma insulin, C-peptide, and proinsulin levels; a low plasma β-hydroxybutyrate concentration; and a negative sulfonylurea/meglitinide screen.
Anti-diabetic and hypolipidemic effects of Cinnamon cassia bark extracts: an in vitro, in vivo, and in silico approach
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
K. Vijayakumar, B. Prasanna, R. L. Rengarajan, A. Rathinam, S. Velayuthaprabhu, A. Vijaya Anand
Diabetes mellitus is one of the leading metabolic disorder, due to the insufficient or lack of insulin or its action (Kumar and Clark 2002). The metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are getting affected due to prolonged hyperglycaemia (Lindberg et al.2004). Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of retinopathy (Bearse et al.2004), nephropathy (Huang et al.2002), cardiovascular difficulty (Svensson 2004), and neuropathy (Wallace et al.2002). Indian Council of Medical Research predicts in India, almost 31.7 million people groups are affected by diabetes, which is expanded up to 79.4 million in the year 2030 (Kaveeshwar and Cornwall 2014). The anti-diabetic medications, including sulfonylurea, biguanides, meglitinide analogue, thiazolidine, diones, α-amylase inhibitors, and α-glucosidase inhibitors are generally utilised, which may cause side effects and unfavourable impacts (Meneses et al.2015).
The role of sulfonylureas in the treatment of type 2 diabetes
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2022
Brian Tomlinson, Nivritti Gajanan Patil, Manson Fok, Paul Chan, Christopher Wai Kei Lam
Meglitinide is the non-sulfonylurea carboxamido moiety of glibenclamide, which has hypoglycemia activity by binding to one receptor site and has overall lower binding affinity than glibenclamide [17]. Repaglinide, a benzoic acid derivative of meglitinide, was the first analogue to become available. Nateglinide, a derivative of d-phenylalanine, was subsequently developed and mitiglinide, a 3-phenylpropionic acid derivative, was developed in Japan [18]. These meglitinide or glinide derivatives have more rapid association/dissociation with the target receptor than conventional sulfonylureas and are very effective in promoting early-phase insulin secretion. Their pharmacokinetic properties also result in a short duration of action and their action is more dependent on glucose concentrations and therefore they are useful to attenuate postprandial hyperglycemia and have less risk of hypoglycemia than sulfonylureas but they have to be taken more frequently, usually with each meal [18].
Fast dissolving electrospun polymeric films of anti-diabetic drug repaglinide: formulation and evaluation
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2019
Shreya Thakkar, Namdev More, Dilip Sharma, Govinda Kapusetti, Kiran Kalia, Manju Misra
Repaglinide (brand name Prandin®) an oral anti-diabetic drug from category of meglitinide, got first regulatory approval in 1997 [https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/020741s041s042lbl.pdf] [4]. This active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is reported to have an oral bioavailability of ∼ 56% owing to its poor water solubility [5] and hence meglumine and poloxamer are present in Prandin® would have their use as solubility enhancer. Repaglinide is reported to have pH dependent solubility with intrinsic water solubility of 0.022 mg/mL [6]. Among the various drug delivery systems reported to enhance water solubility, some of the notable approaches are, nanocrystals [6], solid dispersions [7], immediate release tablets [8], microemulsions [9], cyclodextrin complexes [10], and many more.