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Incapacitating Agents and Technologies: A Review *
Published in Brian J. Lukey, James A. Romano, Salem Harry, Chemical Warfare Agents, 2019
Neuropharmacological agents that have been suggested for use as incapacitants include cannabinols, amphetamines, phenothiazines, N,N-diethyl lysergamide (LSD), quinuclidinyl benzylate (Agent BZ), and fentanyls (WHO, 1970). Two are reviewed briefly here, one potentially useful in severe situations and one that has been used in practice with disastrous results.
Argyreia nervosa exposures reported to Texas poison centers
Published in Journal of Addictive Diseases, 2018
Argyreia nervosa seeds contain the ergotalkaloid lysergamide or lysergic acid amine (LSA), an analog for lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and isoergine.1–5 LSD is a semi-synthetic substance that is thought to interact with the 5-hydroxytryptamine presynaptic receptor in the midbrain, thus interfering with inhibitory systems.6 LSD is used recreationally to induce visual hallucinations and alter one’s thoughts, feelings, and awareness. However, LSD use may result in such adverse effects as agitation or irritability, tachycardia, confusion, mydriasis, hypertension, fever, and seizures. Deaths may rarely occur after LSD use, although this is usually the result of accident.7Argyreia nervosa has the highest concentration of psychoactive compounds of the Convolvulaceae family.1 Like LSD, individuals may use Argyreia nervosa for its psychoactive effects such as inducing hallucinations, increasing sensitivity to colors, causing visual distortions, and producing positive emotional states (e.g., euphoria, happiness, and delight).3,8,9 Although LSD is included in Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act, Argyreia nervosa seeds are not and may be purchased in head shops or over the internet.1,8 People may eat the seeds or drink an extract after the seeds are soaked in water.5,9 Five-ten seeds may yield a dose of 2–5 mg lysergamide.5