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Toxic shock syndrome
Published in Biju Vasudevan, Rajesh Verma, Dermatological Emergencies, 2019
Aseem Sharma, Madhulika Mhatre
Clindamycin: The heightened efficacy of this lincosamide antibiotic lies in its multipronged action. It is immune to the inoculum stage [24,25] and acts as a superpotent suppressor of bacterial toxinogenesis. It inhibits M-protein synthesis and causes bacterial phagocytosis [26]. Clindamycin has a longer postantibiotic effect than its contemporaries. Last, it inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced monocyte synthesis of TNF. All in all, it acts as a potent immunomodulator in addition to its antibacterial action. The dosage used is (parenteral) 30–45 mg/kg/day, given in three divided doses. Vancomycin at the dose of 50 mg/kg/day, in two divided doses, is added to increase the spectrum against virulent strains, as well.
Bacteriology of Ophthalmic Infections
Published in K. Balamurugan, U. Prithika, Pocket Guide to Bacterial Infections, 2019
Arumugam Priya, Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian
Though antibiotic resistance is widely reported, antibiotics remain the first-line therapy for infections mediated by Streptococcus spp. For patients allergic to penicillin, macrolides are the suggested antibiotics. Macrolides and lincosamides are recommended in combinations with beta-lactams for invasive infections (Silva-costa et al., 2015). From various case studies, it is evident that macrolides and lincosamides are the better alternatives to penicillin. In a clinical study, Gregori et al. (2015) used intravitreal injection of antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) for the treatment of infectious endophthalmitis caused by Streptococcus and Staphylococcus spp.; it lessened the recurrent infection and was found to be a better treatment in preventing vision loss. The treatment of streptococcal infection remains challenging due to their potent virulence factor and antibiotic resistance mechanisms. Hence in recent years, natural sources have been widely explored as an alternate to the existing antibiotics. Viszwapriya et al. (2016; Viszwapriya and Subramenium, 2016) reported betulin, a naturally available triterpenoid and 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol from seaweed surface-associated bacterium Bacillus subtilis as effective anti-infective agents against S. pyogenes. Therefore, natural biomolecules alone or in combination with antibiotics will be an effective therapeutic strategy for Streptococcus infections.
Clindamycin and Lincomycin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
The lincosamides share certain biologic characteristics with the macrolides and streptogramins, depending on which bacterial species is being evaluated. The lincosamides inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome, having a bacteriostatic effect at inhibitory concentrations. Clindamycin is active against most Gram-positive aerobic bacteria, many anaerobes, and protozoa. Aerobic Gram-negative bacteria are usually not susceptible. Clindamycin is available parenterally as clindamycin phosphate, and orally as clindamycin palmitate and clindamycin hydrochloride. Clindamycin can be given intramuscularly, intravenously, or orally, and is also available as a vaginal ovule or for topical administration as a wipe, solution, gel, lotion, foam, or cream.
Analysis of 1135 gut metagenomes identifies sex-specific resistome profiles
Published in Gut Microbes, 2019
Trishla Sinha, Arnau Vich Vila, Sanzhima Garmaeva, Soesma A. Jankipersadsing, Floris Imhann, Valerie Collij, Marc Jan Bonder, Xiaofang Jiang, Thomas Gurry, Eric J. Alm, Mauro D’Amato, Rinse K. Weersma, Sicco Scherjon, Cisca Wijmenga, Jingyuan Fu, Alexander Kurilshikov, Alexandra Zhernakova
When taking into account the medications used by both sexes, we observed that male LLD participants took more drugs for heart disease, while women were more exposed to opiates, laxatives and antibiotics. The last category is of particular interest, as antibiotics have been shown to have profound effects on microbiota composition,27-29,36 and to represent a risk factor for GI diseases.28 To better characterize the sex-related differences, we therefore performed (age-adjusted) gut metagenomic analyses of resistome profiles, focusing on AR genes and classes from CARD. What we found is that men and women differed significantly in the resistome richness of their gut microbiome. Females showed a greater mean prevalence of AR genes (65.4 versus 60.7, p = 0.004), and this was also reflected at gene family level (24.0 versus 23.0, p = 0.04). The most notable difference was observed for the lincosamide nucleotidyltransferase (LNU) gene family, which was present in 85.98% of women compared to 79.07% of men (Table 1). In the Netherlands, lincosamide antibiotics are indicated for bacterial vaginosis and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease37 (among other conditions), and the prevalence of women consuming macrolide, lincosamide and streptogramin (MLS) antibiotics has been consistently higher than that in men during the past 5 years.38 In 2016, MLS antibiotics were consumed by 3.53% of women versus 2.58% of men. The resistome profiles detected in our cohort thus appear to follow national trends in sex-related differences in antibiotic use.
Metabolomics in antimicrobial drug discovery
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2022
In the beginning and during the golden age of the antibiotic era, the antimicrobial drug discovery programs were mainly focused on the investigation of soil bacteria, which produce numerous secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activity [42–44]. Technically, this approach was accomplished by monitoring the inhibition by a test strain, which is a suspected producer of antimicrobial(s), of an indicator strain/pathogen. This activity-based approach produced many classes of antimicrobials, but the last novel class, lincosamides, was discovered more than 50 years ago [43]. Presently, the prevailing majority of antimicrobial drugs in the late clinical development belong to the already existing antimicrobial classes, with only a few narrow spectrum compounds directed toward novel bacterial targets [45]. Strategies for discovery of new antimicrobials should be indisputably extended beyond the well-known soil Actinomycetes, and other ecological niches and taxonomic groups have to be explored. At the same time, we have to admit that the full potential of soil microbiota could still be under-explored due to the reliance on cultivable microbiota and on traditional activity-based screening methods, which still dominate the strategies of antimicrobial drug discovery. The use of advanced cultivation techniques such as iChip, which emulates environmental conditions, may help to improve the recovery of difficult-to-cultivate bacteria, and increase the throughput [46]. Also, metagenomic approach could help to recover and express DNA from uncultivated microbiota, which may contain gene clusters encoding for new antimicrobials [47]. Heterologous expression therefore may help to reveal antimicrobial potentials of silent biosynthetic gene clusters.
Long-term effects of antimicrobial drugs on the composition of the human gut microbiota
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
M. Mulder, D. Radjabzadeh, J. C. Kiefte-de Jong, A. G. Uitterlinden, R. Kraaij, B. H. Stricker, A. Verbon
In conclusion, we showed that antimicrobial drugs, especially macrolides and lincosamides, are associated with a long-lasting shift in the gut microbiota. Further research is needed to explore the interaction and effect of specific antibiotics on the gut microbiota, considering the consequences of the use of antimicrobial drugs on the gut microbiota.