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Rhododendron arboreum Sm.: A Review of its Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology
Published in V. R. Mohan, A. Doss, P. S. Tresina, Ethnomedicinal Plants with Therapeutic Properties, 2019
Phytochemical investigations of R. arboreum date back to the year of 1966 by Hariharan and Rangaswamy (1966). The review of the isolated phytoconstituents of R. arboreum has been briefly provided by various researchers (Bhattacharyya, 2011; Srivastava, 2012; Mary, 2017; Mary and Indira, 2017). The important phytochemicals of the plants such as alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids, anthraquinones, saponins, glycosides and tannins, and flavonoids have been isolated from different parts of this plant. Among them, flavonoids and phenols have been regarded to be the characteristic and principal bioactive substances of R. arboreum (Kashyap and Anand, 2017). The petroleum ether extract of R. arboreum bark indicated the presence of a single triterpenoid substance taraxerol (C30H50O) and ursolic acid acetate (C32H50O4). The ether extract of the bark following petroleum ether extract showed the identity of betulinic acid (C30H48O3). The acetone extract of the bark gave the substance leucopelargonidin (C15H14O6) (Hariharan and Rangaswami, 1966).
Vata Vriksh
Published in H.S. Puri, Rasayana, 2002
Neera Singh et al. (1992) observed that alcohol extract of F. benghalensis bark showed significant hypoglycaemic activity. It reduced levels of serum cholesterol and blood urea. Cherian and Augusti (1993) noted anti-diabetic activity in glycoside leucopelargonidin isolated from F. benghalensis. It demonstrated hypoglycaemic, hypolipidemic and serum insulin-raising levels in diabetic rats. It significantly enhanced the faecal secretion of sterols and bile acids. Vinod Kumar and Augusti (1993) showed that it had an insulin sparing action. Augusti et al. (1994) confirmed that the leucopelargonidin derivative showed significant hypoglycaemic and serum insulin-raising action in normal as well as in moderately diabetic dogs. Cherian and Augusti (1995) identified the effective compound as dimethyl ether of leucopelargonidin (3-o-alpha-L-rhamnoside). A low dose of insulin in combination with this compound maintained body weight, controlled urine blood sugar and ameliorated serum cholesterol and triglycerides.
Protecting Pancreatic β-cells from Metabolic Insults
Published in Christophe Wiart, Medicinal Plants in Asia for Metabolic Syndrome, 2017
The bark of Ficus benghalensis L. contains 3′,5,7-trimethyl ether of leucocyanidin, 3′,5-dimethyl ether of leucocyanidin 3-O-β-d-galactosylcellobioside, 3′,5,7-trimethyl ether of delphinidin-3-O-a-l rhamnoside, 5,7-dimethoxy of leucopelargonidin-3-O-α-l-rhamnoside.98 Dimethoxy ether of leucopelargonidin-3-O-α-l rhamnoside isolated from the bark of the Ficus benghalensis L. given orally to alloxan-induced diabetic dogs at a dose of 100 mg/kg evoked a decrease of glycemia.99 This finding was reinforced by the study of Singh et al. (2009) in which it was found that aqueous extract of aerial roots of Ficus benghalensis L. given to Wistar rats orally at a dose of 300 mg/kg reduced fasting blood glucose after 6 hours from 79 to 44.4 mg/dL and glucose tolerance test after 3 hours from 78.5 to 48.2 mg/dL.100 In sub-diabetic rats challenged with glucose tolerance test this extract reduced glycemia from about 275 to 200 mg/dL and as potently as glipizide given at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg.100 In diabetic rodent subjected to glucose tolerance test, the extract reduced glycemia from about 400 to 250 mg/dL.100 The insulinotropic mechanism of action of dimethoxy ether of leucopelargonidin-3-O-α-l rhamnoside and/or first pass metabolites is unknown. Jayaprakasam et al. (2005) tested the ability of anthocyanins to stimulate secretion of insulin by INS-1 cells in vitro and found that cyanidin-3-glucoside and delphinine-3 glucoside at a concentration of 50 µg/mL enhanced insulin secretion in the presence of 4 mM or 10 mM glucose.101 Cyanidin-3-galactoside was only able to increase insulin secretion at stimulatory concentration of glucose (10 mM) whereas pelargonidin was only able to increase insulin secretion at basal concentration of glucose (4 mM).101
Identification of active compounds of traditional chinese medicine derived from maxing shigan decoction for COVID-19 treatment: a meta-analysis and in silico study
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2023
Xiaodan Guo, Yihua Lin, Fengming He, Ying Jin, Simian Chen, Ting Li, Caisheng Wu, Lin Zhang, Xueqin Chen
The study identified the top 8 molecules, namely MOL007214 (Leucocyanidin), MOL010489 (Resivit), MOL000098 (quercetin), MOL004903 (liquiritin), MOL004576 (taxifolin), MOL000006 (luteolin), MOL000492 (catechin), and MOL010788 (leucopelargonidin), which appeared most frequently in both the SP and XP docking methods. These 8 compounds were selected for further molecular docking studies. Additionally, the top 15 proteins with the highest frequency of occurrence of these 8 compounds in the same protein under the two docking protocols were identified for subsequent studies. Notably, Chen et al. illustrated the pharmacokinetic parameters (PK) of luteolin and found that after oral administration of 30 mg/kg to rats, Tmax (Time to reach maximum concentration) was 0.47 ± 0.14 h, Cmax (Maximum concentration) was 894.9 ± 222.3 ng/mL, and AUC (Area under the concentration-time curve) was 2904 ± 681 ng·h/mL [81]. Huang et al. reported the PK of quercetin and found that after oral administration of 290 mg/kg to rats, Tmax was 0.22 ± 0.09 h, Cmax was 5.07 ± 1.56 μg/mL, and AUC was 2.76 ± 1.33 μg·h/mL [82]. These data indicate that the selected compounds exhibit good PK properties.