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Fungi and Water
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Lentinus edodes (shiitake) is the source of several well-studied preparations with proven pharmacological properties, especially the polysaccharide lentinan, eritadenine, shiitake mushroom mycelium, and culture Lentinus edodes mycelium (LEM) extract (60–65). Lentinan is a high molecular weight polysaccharide extracted from cell walls of the fruiting body, containing only glucose molecules with mostly β-(1–3)-glucose linkages in the regularly branched backbone, and β-(1–6)-glucose side chains (60, 62). Lentinan has strong immunostimulant and anti-cancer properties because it can suppress the growth of cancer cells and induce them to apoptosis (60–65). Lentinan has been approved as a drug for clinical use in cancer treatments, especially gastric cancer, in combination with oral fluoropyrimidines in several countries, including Japan and Korea (65). Lentinan may exert a synergistic action with anti-cancer monoclonal antibodies by activating complement systems through the mechanism of antibody-dependent cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (65). Lentinan is also used for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and to combat infections. However, it has not yet been approved by the Food and Drug Administration in the United States.
Medicinal Mushrooms
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam, Herbal Product Development, 2020
Temitope A. Oyedepo, Adetoun E. Morakinyo
Lentinan (also known as Shiitake) is a water-soluble polysaccharide that is extracted from the fruiting body of Lentinula edodes which has been documented to have antitumor activities and proven to potentiate human immunity (Tanigawa et al., 2016). Its chemical formula is C42H72O36 (Figure 7.1) with a molecular weight of 400,000−1,000,000 daltons (Ngai and Ng, 2003). It is a common BRM which has been approved for use as an adjuvant for cancer treatments in several countries (Ngai and Ng, 2003). The bioactive ingredient of lentinan is β-1, 3-D-glucan polymer with β-1, 6 or β-1, 4 branches. The oral bioavailability of Lentinan is reportedly limited so its administration is usually by parental injection even though it is sometimes taken orally as nutritional products.
Immunogenic Cell Death (ICD) of Murine H22 Cells Induced by Lentinan
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Wen Wang, Xin Yang, Chong Li, Yandong Li, Haibo Wang, Xue Han
Lentinan is a high molecular weight polysaccharide, which is isolated from the fruiting body of the shiitake and which has various biological functions, such as antitumour, antioxidation, immunoregulation and etc (24). Lentinan can induce apoptosis of tumor cells and improve immune function, and lentinan have been used as a clinical drug of adjuvant therapy for malignant tumors. Previous study (25) reveals that co-cultivation of lentinan (165 μg/mL) and H22 cells (5 × 107cells/mL) can induce H22 cell apoptosis. After the primary purification of 48 h co-culture, the mice were subjected to three preventive immunizations, which can effectively inhibit the proliferation of liver cancer cells in the mice, therefore, the life of the immunized mice was prolonged, indicated by the survival rate (100%). Hence, the objective of this study was to investigate whether lentinan would cause the immunogenic death in H22 cells.
Role of Mushroom as Dietary Supplement on Performance of Poultry
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2019
Sohail Hassan Khan, Nasir Mukhtar, Javid Iqbal
Mushroom are the source of numerous well-studied preparations with proven pharmacological properties. In addition to glycogen-like polysaccharides, (1–4)-, (1–6)-α-D-glucans, and antitumor polysaccharides, (1–3)-, (1–6)-β-bonded heteroglucans, heterogalactans, heteromannans, xyloglucans, and lentinan have been identified in mushrooms (Hobbs, 2000). Lentinan stimulates various kinds of NK cell-, T cell-, B cell-, and macrophage-dependent immune reactivity. Mushrooms also contain various biologically active compounds such as gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, naringenin, hesperetin, and biochanin-A (Alam et al., 2008, 2010). Presence of sugars and indigestible crude fiber, fractions of carbohydrates or polysaccharides, and low fat play a beneficial role in the digestive tract of chickens, thereby increasing growth of nonpathogenic bacteria such as Bifidobacterium species (Sundu, Kumar, & Dingle, 2006). Mushrooms and herb polysaccharides have been used as immune enhancers or immunomodulators and show antibacterial, antiviral, antiparasitic, and anticarcinogenic bioactivities (Guo et al., 2003). In addition, mushroom polymers (β-glucans) may trigger the stimulation of immune cells in animals and humans by binding to other receptors such as Dectin-1 (Rowan, Smith, & Sullivan, 2003). Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) are known to have antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects (Elmastas, Isildak, Turkekul, & Temur, 2007) and have been shown to improve growth, immunity, and intestinal health in poultry (Daneshmand et al., 2012; Giannenas et al., 2010a; Guo et al., 2003). In a layer experiment, Cho et al. (2010) concluded that fermented spent mushroom substrates could be used as a resource in laying hen feed at 5% to 15% without adversely affecting egg-related performance and egg quality.
Immunomodulatory activity of puerarin in RAW264.7 macrophages and cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression mice
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2021
Yuexing Chang, Ailing Guo, Yanlin Jing, Junjie Lin, Yuanyuan Sun, Lulu Kong, Haohang Zheng, Yun Deng
Immunomodulators are biological, synthetic, or natural substances that can stimulate, suppress, or modulate any aspect of the immune system including both adaptive and innate arms of the immune system [1]. Natural immunomodulators, including polysaccharides, flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, polypeptides, and glycoproteins, are widely used in the treatment of many diseases including autoimmune diseases, inflammatory disorders, and cancers [2]. Polysaccharides are widely found in various herbal medicines, and their immunomodulatory activities have also been studied. These polysaccharides originate from animals, plants, and fungi. Lentinan is widely used as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of malignant tumors in clinical practice. In vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory assays showed that lentinan could stimulate the phagocytic capacity of macrophages and improve spleen and thymus indices, promote the proliferation of lymphocytes, and adjust for the percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells [3]. Three polysaccharides from the roots of Codonopsis pilosula [4], Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide [5], Trametes orientalis polysaccharide [6], Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide [7], and Sarcodon imbricatus polysaccharides [8] were all shown to have good immunomodulatory activities. Some studies have shown that the immunomodulatory activities of certain polysaccharides can be enhanced by acetylation [9,10], carboxymethylation [11], hydroxyethylation [12], and sulfation [13]. Immune regulation of flavonoid subclasses was carried out by enhancing the Th1/Th2 cytokine balance, the stimulation of immune cells, and the management of pathological conditions in immune-mediated diseases [14]. Moreover, the immunological regulation induced by some herbal compounds and extracts has been reported [15–17].