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Chemistry of Syzygium cumini
Published in K. N. Nair, The Genus Syzygium, 2017
The flavonoids, ever present in plants, are the largest class of polyphenols, with a diphenylpropane (C6-C3-C6) carbon skeleton consisting of two aromatic rings linked through three carbons. The major subclasses of flavonoids from S. cumini are flavones, flavonols, dihydroflavonols, and anthocyanidins. A comprehensive study by HPLC-DAD-electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS/MS revealed the occurrence of around 74 individual phenolic compounds in the edible parts of jambolan, including 9 anthocyanins (mainly based on delphinidin, petunidin, and malvidin), 9 flavonols (myricetin, laricitrin, and syringetin glycosides), 19 flavanonols (dihexosides of dihydromyricetin and its methylated derivatives), 8 flavan-3-ol monomers (mainly gallocatechin), 13 gallotanins, and 13 ellagitanins, together with some proanthocyanidins (highly galloylated prodelphinidins) and free gallic and ellagic acids (de Carvalho Tavares et al. 2016).
Grape seed extract effects on hippocampal neurogenesis, synaptogenesis and dark neurons production in old mice. Can this extract improve learning and memory in aged animals?
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Seyed Hamidreza Rastegar-moghaddam, Maryam Bigham, Mahmoud Hosseini, Alireza Ebrahimzadeh-bideskan, Amir Mohammad Malvandi, Abbas Mohammadipour
Grape seed extract (GSE) is a natural and good source of flavonoids [20–22]. The most common and important flavonoids of GSE are flavanols (catechin, epicatechin, and epicatechin-3-O-gallate), flavonols (3-O-glycosides of quercetin, laricitrin, myricetin, kaempferol, syringetin, and isorhamnetin), dihydroflavonols (engeletin and astilbin), anthocyanins (3-O-monoglucosides peonidin, cyanidin, pelargonidin, delphinidin, and petunidin), and proanthocyanidins [23–25]. These flavonoids exhibit antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities [23]. They also inhibit xanthine oxidase, the enzyme which triggers the oxy-radical cascade activity [26]. A Previous study reported that GSE administration to middle age animals has neuroprotectivity and could protect neurons in the CA1 area of the hippocampus against oxidative stress [27].