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Oral Medication
Published in Valerie L. Stevenson, Louise Jarrett, Spasticity Management, 2016
The efficacy of diazepam in spinal cord injury has been proven in two crossover trials.51, 52 In cerebral palsy, it has also been noted to be beneficial for athetosis, as well as spasticity.56, 57 The trials in MS have mostly been comparative studies with other agents (baclofen, tizanidine and ketazolam); these studies have shown similar efficacy between diazepam and the other drugs, but there was an excess of side effects in the diazepam-treated groups.23 A small study in MS compared clonazepam to baclofen and placebo; both clonazepam and baclofen were superior to placebo with no difference between the two agents, although the authors proposed that there was a differential effect, with clonazepam being favoured for cerebral spasticity and baclofen for spinal-origin spasticity.58
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Published in Fazal-I-Akbar Danish, Ahmed Ehsan Rabbani, Pharmacology in 7 Days for Medical Students, 2018
Fazal-I-Akbar Danish, Ahmed Ehsan Rabbani
Centrally-acting muscle relaxantsBenzodiazepinesClorazepateDiazepamKetazolamMedazepamBenzoxazole derivativesBenzimidazoleChlorzoxazoneZoxazolamineGABA analogueBaclofenMiscellaneous compoundsCyclobenzaprineChlormezanoneChlorphensinMethocarbamolOrphenadrine HClOrphendrine citratePropanediol derivativesCarisoprodolMephenesinMeprobamateStyramate
Occurrence and time course of NPS benzodiazepines in Sweden – results from intoxication cases in the STRIDA project
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2019
Matilda Bäckberg, Madeleine Pettersson Bergstrand, Olof Beck, Anders Helander
The NPS BZD covered in this study (Figure 2) were adinazolam, bentazepam, clonazolam, cloniprazepam, diclazepam, deschloroetizolam, flubromazolam, flunitrazolam, 3-hydroxyflubromazepam, ketazolam, meclonazepam, metizolam, nifoxipam, nitrazolam, pivoxazepam, and pyrazolam (1 mg/mL solutions from Chiron, Trondheim, Norway), bromazepam, clobazam, etizolam, estazolam, flurazepam, 3-hydroxyphenazepam, N-desmethylflunitrazepam, nimetazepam, phenazepam, and prazepam (1 mg/mL solutions from Cerilliant, Round Rock, TX), flubromazepam (1 mg/mL solution from LGC, Teddington, UK), and tetrazepam (0.1 mg/mL solution from LGC). All solutes were obtained in acetonitrile or methanol.