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The Culture on Campus
Published in Jonathan C. Beazley, Stephanie Field, Cannabis on Campus, 2018
Jonathan C. Beazley, Stephanie Field
Dr. Anderson explains that the NCAA initially investigated the feasibility of testing for synthetic marijuana (the NCAA even added K2, Spice, JWH-018, and JWH-073 to the list of banned substances in 2011), but adding it to their testing protocol was challenging. “The lab that the NCAA uses, the UCLA lab, felt that, at that time, the tests were not up to the quality that the results could be used in a forensic setting.” A testing protocol was finally implemented in August 2013.31
NPS
Published in Ornella Corazza, Andres Roman-Urrestarazu, Handbook of Novel Psychoactive Substances, 2018
Máté Kapitány-Fövény, Aviv M. Weinstein, Zsolt Demetrovics
The growing number of online drug shops, the new trend of home production, the temporary legal status, and the relatively cheap price of these substances increased the availability of NPS. Therefore, the popularity of these substances is principally explained by practical or even economical aspects of their use, such as the temporary absence of legal risks; the low cost; their easy availability via the Internet (Cottencin, Rolland, & Karila, 2014); their attractive, multicoloured packaging and exotic brand names; or the fact that they are often not easily detectable in urine and blood samples (Fattore & Fratta, 2011). Presumed purity of NPS can also be mentioned as one of their main benefits for users. As an example, despite different physical characteristics of various synthetic cannabinoid products, definitely high purities (ranging between 75% and 100%) of JWH-018 and JWH-073 were found (Ginsburg, McMahon, Sanchez, & Javors, 2012), although it is also addressed that the more severe withdrawal syndrome of synthetic cannabinoids in comparison to cannabis could be due to the fact that these synthetic products may contain heterogeneous compounds, such as amphetamine-like substances (Nacca et al., 2013) or even synthetic opioids, like O-desmethyltramadol (Dresen et al., 2010). Pharmacokinetical characteristics of NPS also increase their reputation among the users. For instance, in case of cathinones, the high blood-brain barrier permeability of especially mephedrone and MDPV was proven in an in vitro model (Simmler, Rickli, Hoener, & Liechti, 2014), whereas increased reinforcer efficacy and abuse liability of methylone was found by employing intravenous self-administration and intracranial self-stimulation in rats (Watterson et al., 2012). Yet, research regarding NPS pharmacokinetics in humans is lacking.
Old and new synthetic cannabinoids: lessons from animal models
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2018
Mary Tresa Zanda, Liana Fattore
Discrepancy among conditioned place preference studies have been observed not only when testing THC or synthetic cannabinoid agonists of first generation, but also when testing the more recently synthesized cannabinoid agonists. Some compounds of the JWH series, such as JWH-073, JWH-081, and JWH-210, show a biphasic effect, inducing place preference at low doses and place aversion at higher doses (Cha et al. 2014). However, when tested in the conditioned place preference task, JWH-018 induces clear and long-lasting aversive effects in mice with no previous cannabinoid history (Hyatt and Fantegrossi 2014). Interestingly, both the degree and duration of the conditioned aversion are significantly attenuated in animals previously treated with THC. Other three JWH compounds, namely JWH-030, JWH-175, and JWH-176 were tested in the conditioned place preference task and it was found that only JWH-175, but not JWH-030 or JWH-176, produces significant place preference in rats (Tampus et al. 2015). Inconsistency among these studies may reflect the multiple experimental factors that affect the outcome of drug-place association, including the different doses of the drug and strains of animals used and differences in the experimental protocols adopted, such as the presence of a period of drug pretreatment and/or a washout period (Liu et al. 2016).
The synthetic cannabinoids phenomenon: from structure to toxicological properties. A review
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2020
Vera L. Alves, João L. Gonçalves, Joselin Aguiar, Helena M. Teixeira, José S. Câmara
In the United States, prior to 2010, SCs were not controlled by any State or at the Federal level. However, with the evident harm caused by K2 products, along with the initial analytical studies identifying JWH-018, JWH-073, JWH-200, CP-47,497 and cannabicyclohexanol, as the main psychoactive components in these products, promptly led the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), on March 1, 2011 to temporarily place these five compounds on the list of controlled substances under Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) (Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). Schedules of Controlled Substances: Temporary Placement of Five Synthetic Cannabinoids Into Schedule I. 2011).
Detection of altered methylation of MB-COMT promotor and DRD2 gene in cannabinoid or synthetic cannabinoid use disorder regarding gene variants and clinical parameters
Published in Journal of Addictive Diseases, 2021
Yasemin Oyaci, Hasan Mervan Aytac, Ozge Pasin, Pinar Cetinay Aydin, Sacide Pehlivan
The interview was started by collecting sociodemographic and clinical information. Afterward, based on the DSM-5 criteria, the patients’ diagnosis was confirmed with a positive urine test. In the toxicology laboratory of hospital for the determination of metabolites of various synthetic cannabinoids in urine; in-vitro pre-analytical tests; Immunalysis K2 Direct EIA Kit (JWH-018, JWH-073, AM-2201, UR-144 and their metabolites) and Immunalysis Synthetic Cannabinoids-3 Urine Enzyme Immunoassay Kit (AB-PINACA and its metabolites), and Immunalysis for the detection of cannabinoid metabolites THC Urine Enzyme Immunoassay Kit is used.