China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Fumonisins
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Alicia Rodríguez, Agustín Ariño, Marta Herrera, Juan J. Córdoba
Traditional identification of Fusarium species relies on detection of important cultural and morphological characters such as pigmentation produced by the fungus in culture media, kind and growth of mycelium, characters of the sporodochia, nature of conidiogenous cells, micro- and macroconidia, and presence, absence, and type of chlamydospores.19 The isolates are cultured in Czapek Iprodione Dichloran (CZID) and incubated for 7 days at 25°C under an alternating light (daily rhythm: 12 hours dark and 12 hours combined with near-ultraviolet and cool daylight tubes).19
Environmental toxicants on Leydig cell function
Published in C. Yan Cheng, Spermatogenesis, 2018
Leping Ye, Xiaoheng Li, Xiaomin Chen, Qingquan Lian, Ren-Shan Ge
Many azole chemicals, such as prochloraz, epoxiconazole, tebuconazole, and iprodione are used for fungicides to protect plants in the agriculture field. Prochloraz is classified as an antiandrogen. Maternal exposure to prochloraz caused malformation of male reproductive tracts in fetal male rats and reduced steroidogenesis in the testis.215 Prochloraz decreased serum testosterone levels and delayed puberty in males during pubertal exposure.216 Exposure to prochloraz (50 and 150 mg/kg BW/day) to rats from gestational day 7 to postnatal day 16 inhibited testicular testosterone levels but increased progesterone levels without affecting Cyp17a1, suggesting a direct inhibition of CYP17A1 in the Leydig cells.217 Indeed, prochloraz inhibited rat testicular CYP17A1 activity with Ki around 1 μM.215 Using human adrenal H295R cells, prochloraz also concentration-dependently inhibited human CYP17A1 activity,218 and the inhibition was more selective since it did not inhibit another CYP enzyme CYP11B1, which is required for glucocorticoid biosynthesis.218
Environmental Androgens and Antiandrogens: An Expanding Chemical Universe
Published in Rajesh K. Naz, Endocrine Disruptors, 2004
L. Earl Gray, Vickie Wilson, Tammy Stoker, Christy Lambright, Johnathan Furr, Nigel Noriega, Phillip Hartig, Mary Cardon, Mitch Rosen, Gerald Ankley, Andrew Hotchkiss, Edward F. Orlando, Louis J. Guillette, William R. Kelce
Vinclozolin, procymidone, iprodione, and chlozolinate are dicarboximide fungicides. Vinclozolin and procymidone are AR antagonists with equivalent potency, while iprodione and chlozolinate do not appear to be antiandrogenic in vivo.37 Of the antiandrogenic EDCs, the mechanism of action of vinclozolin is the most thoroughly characterized. Vinclozolin metabolites, M1 and M2 competitively inhibit the binding of androgens to AR of several species from different vertebrate classes.7,38 M1 and M2 also inhibit DHT-induced transcriptional activity in cells transfected with the human AR. Kelce et al.39 subsequently demonstrated that vinclozolin treatment altered the expression of androgen-dependent genes in vivo in an antiandrogenic manner, similar to the antiandrogenic drug flutamide. In contrast, neither vinclozolin nor its metabolites display affinity for the estrogen receptor, although they do have weak affinity for the progesterone receptor.40 Furthermore, vinclozolin, M1, and M2 do not inhibit 5α-reductase activity, the enzyme required for the conversion of testosterone (T) to the more active androgen DHT.7
Interactive effect of carbendazim and imidacloprid on buffalo bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells: oxidative stress, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Harpreet Singh, Milindmitra Kashinath Lonare, Manjinder Sharma, Rahul Udehiya, Saloni Singla, Simrat Pal Saini, Vinod Kumar Dumka
Combined exposure to several pesticides has been shown to result in greater ROS and LPO as an indicator of oxidative stress (Banerjee et al. 2001, Halliwell & Gutteridge 2007, Mansour and Mossa 2010). A similar pattern was noticed with a high dose of CBZ and IMI exposure alone and in combination in the present study. Potentiation or synergistic effect on ROS production, genotoxicity, and cell cytotoxicity has been reported on human keratinocyte cells when exposed to combinations of alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane, parathion, and carbofuran mixture as compared to the effect on exposure to a single pesticide (Abhishek et al. 2014). CBZ, when combined with imazalil or cypermethrin, exhibited a more toxic effect on hepatocytes (Dikic et al. 2011, Wei et al. 2016, Cevik et al. 2017), on germ cells and sperm motility when combined with iprodione (Pisani et al. 2016), and on DNA damage when combined with triclosan (Silva et al. 2015). In the present study, a low-dose combination of CBZ and IMI was shown to be antagonistic on ROS, DNA damage, and apoptosis indicating weaker interaction at lower dose combinations. In contrast, a high-dose combination of CBZ and IMI resulted in a potentiating or synergistic effect, indicating stronger interaction at a high-dose combination.
Detection of anti-androgenic activity of chemicals in fish studies: a data review
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2023
Grace H. Panter, Rebecca J. Brown, Alan Jones, Oliver Körner, Laurent Lagadic, Lennart Weltje
Twenty-one model anti-androgenic substances (SI Table 4.1) were selected for the literature searches. The exceptions were metolachlor, triadimefon and flutolanil, which had a score of 0 in the AR Bioactivity Model for anti-androgenic activity but were active in the ToxCast AR MDAKB2 antagonistic assays; cyproterone acetate, for which the androgenic AR Bioactivity Model score was higher than for anti-androgenic activity; and iprodione which was also included based on its structural similarity to vinclozolin.