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Components of Nutrition
Published in Christopher Cumo, Ancestral Diets and Nutrition, 2020
For completeness, the word “salt” is imprecise because there are many salts, all forming from reactions between acids and bases. Nutritionists and dieticians use the term to mean table salt, the ionic compound sodium chloride (NaCl). It forms a crystal from union of the metal sodium (Na) and the nonmetal chlorine (Cl) in a 1:1 ratio. Such arrangements typify ionic compounds. Although sodium has a dismal reputation among nutritionists, it and chlorine are nutrients. In excess, however, both weaken health. The section on minerals examines them.
Contrast enhancement agents and radiopharmaceuticals
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
If, as a result of pathological disturbance to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, i.e. perforation or acute obstruction, barium is an unsuitable contrast medium, it is necessary to use a water-soluble contrast that may be absorbed and will not further complicate the existing condition. It should be borne in mind when dealing with small infants for GI studies that the hyperosmolality of an ionic compound may be extremely dangerous, as the fluid balance of the child may be compromised. It is therefore recommended practice that non-ionic contrast agents should be used in these cases. Compounds that exist for GI studies include those such as sodium diatrixoate, with a flavouring and wetting agent added, but in a view of its hyperosmolality this should not be used if perforation or a fistula between the oesophagus and the trachea is believed to be present, as the effect of this material on the pulmonary tissues can be injurious. The presence of barium sulphate may complicate the surgical management of these patients and therefore a water-soluble low osmolar compound is preferable, e.g. iopamidol with a flavouring agent added.
Procedures for Writing Formulas and Naming Compounds
Published in Patrick E. McMahon, Rosemary F. McMahon, Bohdan B. Khomtchouk, Survival Guide to General Chemistry, 2019
Patrick E. McMahon, Rosemary F. McMahon, Bohdan B. Khomtchouk
A valid binary ionic compound consists of one metal atom, which has formed a positive ion by loss of electron(s), plus one non-metal/metalloid atom, which has formed a negative ion by gain of electron(s). The positive and negative ions must be combined in the specific combining ratio to produce neutrality (a neutral compound).
Emerging trends in microneedle-based drug delivery strategies for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Srividya Gorantla, Unnati Batra, Samshritha RN , Eswara Rao Puppala, Tejashree Waghule, V. G. M. Naidu, Gautam Singhvi
Methotrexate is known to act by antagonizing folic acid and hence is used in the management of RA and treatment of psoriasis. The dose used for methotrexate is 7.5–25 mg given each week, which must be administered by either oral or parenteral route. MNs has been employed more recently in the administration of methotrexate for aid in transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS). Vemulapalli et al. investigated the transdermal iontophoretic (ITP) administration of methotrexate in vitro and in vivo utilizing intracutaneous micro-dialysis, either alone or in conjunction with microneedles. ITP is the technique that involves administering the ionic compound to the surface of the body using the appropriate localized electric current [52]. The results were considerable enough to support the evidence of the use of ITP along with MNs in the management of RA. The Cmax of methotrexate from the literature depicts the value of 337 ng/mL, and the study depicted that the patch size of only 32.5 cm2 was significant to deliver the drug to reach Cmax [52]. ITP alone or in conjunction with microneedles can greatly boost methotrexate transdermal distribution in vivo. The study significantly depicted that these strategies might improve methotrexate clinical effectiveness in the treatment of psoriasis and other skin conditions. Transdermal ITP combined with microneedles provides the advantages of administering methotrexate locally without causing systemic adverse effects with noninvasive way and allows for better control over the amount of medicine administered.
Survival genes expression analysis following ionizing radiation to LiCl treated KG1a cells
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2020
Yogesh Kumar Verma, Ajay Kumar Singh, Gangenahalli Ugraiah Gurudutta
Lithium chloride (LiCl) is a white-colored ionic compound, which affects the central nervous system (Gould and Manji 2005) and has toxic effects in high concentration (Kaufmann et al. 2011). Its salts, like lithium carbonate and lithium citrate tetrahydrate, are used prophylactically in bipolar and unipolar manic depressive illness for attenuation of both manic and depressive episodes. After oral intake, the peak concentration of lithium reaches within about 4–5 h. Its plasma half-life ranges from 8 to 45 h. Experimental studies have shown that LiCl stimulates the post-irradiation recovery of human hematopoietic marrow cells and provides considerable protection against radiation-induced damage in mouse spermatogonia (LiCl dose reduction factor is 1.84) (Bhattacharjee et al. 1997). It exerts its effect by decreasing cell death via up-regulation of Bcl-2. This is mediated through PP2A methylation and caspase-2 inhibition (Manji et al 2000; Chen et al. 2006). In a similar study, it has been shown that long term, but not acute, treatment of cultured cerebellar granule cells with LiCl results in a concentration-dependent decrease in mRNA and protein levels of proapoptotic p53 and Bax. Pretreatment of these cells with LiCl for 7 d elevates Bcl-2 expression and prevents glutamate-induced increase in p53 and Bax expression (Chen and Chuang 1999). The downregulation of p53 is mediated through phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, leading to G2/M arrest of cells (Tsui et al. 2012).
The powder in the basement: how an unlabeled poison inspired federal legislative change
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
Keahi M. Horowitz, Robert G. Hendrickson, Adam Blumenberg
Sodium fluoride (NaF) is a common ionic compound used in many commercial products, including rodenticides, toothpaste, glass etching solution, and various cleaning agents. As a result, most toxic exposures have come from ingestions of common household products, either intentionally or accidentally [25,26]. According to one early study, the suspected toxic dose of NaF was reported at 70–140 mg/kg, although lesser exposures have also been noted to have significant toxic effects [27].