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Uro-Angiographic Contrast Agents—The Holy Grail
Published in Christoph de Haën, X-Ray Contrast Agent Technology, 2019
Numerous compounds falling under the patent protection were synthesized und toxicologically screened. Five of them made it to the shortlist to become myelographic and angiographic contrast agents (Holtermann 1973b). Further preliminary tests, including some in man, made a particular one stand out for its excellent neurotolerability. Its intrathecal acute median lethal dose (LD50, i.th.) upon injection into the subarachnoidal space in mice was favorable by a factor 4.3 over the best ionic competitor, which was meglumine iothalamate (Salvesen 1973). In addition, it excelled over the other candidates by its low epileptogenic effect (Almén 1980). The compound was metrizoic acid-d-glucosamide, the iodinated moiety being the company’s own proprietary ionic contrast agent (Figure 4.36, 27) (Holtermann 1973b). For preclinical studies, it was given the number 16 (Gonsette 1973a), and because of its sugar component and good toxicity performance it earned the nickname “sweet sixteen” (Amdam and Sogner 1994).151 Reflecting the parentage with metrizoic acid, the World Health Organization approved metrizamide as its International Nonproprietary Name (INN).
Pricing and reimbursement policies in the UK: current and future trends
Published in Garau Martina, Mestre-Ferrandiz Jorge, European Medicines Pricing and Reimbursement, 2018
The current regulatory framework in the UK enables doctors to prescribe medicines using their international non-proprietary names (INN). Indeed, generic prescribing is very common in the UK, with 80% of NHS prescriptions written generically. However, pharmacists are not allowed to dispense a medicine other than that prescribed if not authorised by the doctor, that is, generic substitution by pharmacists is not allowed.
Understanding medications and medical investigations
Published in Ross Balchin, Rudi Coetzer, Christian Salas, Jan Webster, Addressing Brain Injury in Under-Resourced Settings, 2017
Ross Balchin, Rudi Coetzer, Christian Salas, Jan Webster
There are an overwhelming number of medical conditions, syndromes and symptoms for which patients may need medication. Be aware that drugs are confusingly and complexly named. Each drug has a generic name (International Nonproprietary Name (INN) or non-proprietary name), a chemical name, and brand (trade) names. For example: Sodium valproate (generic name)Sodium 2-propylpentanoate (chemical name)Epilim (brand/trade name)
Determinants of antibiotic prescribing among doctors in a Nigerian urban tertiary hospital
Published in Hospital Practice, 2019
Olayinka O. Ogunleye, Joseph O. Fadare, Adesola F. Yinka-Ogunleye, Bene D. Anand Paramadhas, Brian Godman
The study design was a quantitative cross-sectional survey conducted among the prescribing doctors who attended a hospital grand round on the subject of the rational use of antibiotics at the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, in Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria. This included whether prescriptions are for originators or generics (INN – international non-proprietary name) since the cost of medicines is mostly out of pocket. The hospital is a major referral center in Lagos metropolis with a bed capacity of 774 beds and is one of three tertiary centers serving an estimated catchments population of over 19 million people in Lagos, Nigeria. Consequently, if there are concerns with antibiotic prescribing in this center, such concerns may well be magnified in nonteaching hospitals including secondary hospitals. A self-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect data comprising of the sociodemographic characteristics of the doctors and the potential factors determining their prescription of antibiotics prior to the delivery of a presentation by one of the coauthors (OO). There were 169 prescribing doctors employed by the hospital at the time of the survey. All 98 doctors who were in attendance at the grand round when the presentation was delivered participated. Respondents maintained anonymity as they did not require documenting any identifiable personal information.
International nonproprietary names for monoclonal antibodies: an evolving nomenclature system
Published in mAbs, 2022
Sofia S. Guimaraes Koch, Robin Thorpe, Nana Kawasaki, Marie-Paule Lefranc, Sarel Malan, Andrew C.R. Martin, Gilles Mignot, Andreas Plückthun, Menico Rizzi, Stephanie Shubat, Karin Weisser, Raffaella Balocco
In 1953, the World Health Organization (WHO) established the International Nonproprietary Names (INN) Expert Group to assign nonproprietary names that are unique and globally recognized for pharmaceutical substances (chemical or biological). The existence of such an international nomenclature system is important for clear identification, safe prescription, communication and exchange of information for pharmaceutical products among healthcare professionals and scientists worldwide. These unique names, known as INN, must be distinctive in sound and spelling and easily pronounceable, but also distinctly different from names classified under class 5 of Nice Classification (NCL) and other common names.1,2
A systematic review of commercial high concentration antibody drug products approved in the US: formulation composition, dosage form design and primary packaging considerations
Published in mAbs, 2023
Indrajit Ghosh, Hiten Gutka, Mary E. Krause, Ryan Clemens, Ramesh S. Kashi
We referred to the prescription information, including the Description (Section 11) and How Supplied/Storage and Handling (Section 16), of all HCAPs approved in the US in compiling the information in this review. Data on all 46 (n = 46) approved high concentration mAbs (≥100 mg/mL) were compared, contrasted, and sorted based on 13 different identifiers. These identifiers were as follows: International nonproprietary name, brand name, initial FDA approval date, antibody target, antibody isotype and subtype if applicable, indication, conc. (mg/mL), ROA, dosage form (lyophilized solid (LYO) or solution (SOL)), primary container (PFS, AI/pen or vial), pH range, formulation, and storage condition Table S1.