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Micronutrient Supplementation and Ergogenesis — Metabolic Intermediates
Published in Luke Bucci, Nutrients as Ergogenic Aids for Sports and Exercise, 2020
Inosine is both a precursor and a breakdown product of adenosine.571 Increases of inosine in cells are thought to force additional synthesis of adenosine (and ultimately ATP) by providing precursors and inhibiting catabolism of adenine nucleotides. Inosine may also contribute to nucleotide pools for DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. Also, inosine is thought to improve oxygen utilization because of its effects on erythrocyte metabolism.572 Inosine is used in vitro to maintain viability of stored erythrocytes.573 In French clinical trials, parenteral inosine has shown benefit in therapy for cardiac insufficiency, angina, digitalis toxicity, extrasystoles, and senility in older patients.574,575 These results were attributed to inotropic hormone-like effects rather than enhancement of cellular ATP levels.576
Didanosine
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Didanosine is the nucleoside analog of the naturally occurring purine inosine. Similar to zidovudine, didanosine exerts its major action against HIV by inhibiting the enzyme reverse transcriptase and preventing elongation of the newly forming HIV DNA.
Inosine
Published in Linda M. Castell, Samantha J. Stear (Nottingham), Louise M. Burke, Nutritional Supplements in Sport, Exercise and Health, 2015
Lars R. McNaughton, David Bentley
Inosine is a nucleoside that is formed when hypoxanthine is attached to a ribose ring (also known as a ribofuranose) via a β-N9-glycosidic bond. Inosine plays a role in a number of metabolic functions including increasing red blood cell concentrations of 2-3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) which is involved in oxygen transport (Valeri, 1976). It may also potentiate the action of endogenously formed adenosine and inhibit its uptake and clearance. It has been proposed that inosine enhances exercise performance via the effects on 2,3-DPG, or by increasing ATP concentrations (Harmsen et al., 1984). An accumulation of inosine monophosphate, together with other factors, has been observed during prolonged exercise, suggesting a link with fatigue (Bowtell et al., 2007).
Inosine supplements only reach the CNS in molybdenum deficient humans and may cause astrocyte degeneration and bulbar–respiratory disease
Published in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration, 2022
I have read the article entitled “ALSUntangled No. 37: Inosine” by Paganoni S, Bedlack R et al published in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration (2017;18: 309–312). This was a well-intentioned review that explored the potential utility of oral inosine supplements in patients with ALS, Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. The thinking behind the review was that high urate levels are associated with less risk of developing these diseases and urate is the end product of inosine metabolism, so oral inosine could increase blood and CSF urate levels and thereby improve patient survival. The review supported this notion without considering an alternative viewpoint. Namely that lower urate levels in ALS are likely to be the result of lower molybdenum enzyme activity hence reduced conversion of purines to urate, making Mo status the disease driver and urate levels a consequence.
Inosine induces acute hyperuricaemia in rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) as a potential disease animal model
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Dong-hong Tang, Chen-yun Wang, Xi Huang, Hong-kun Yi, Zhe-li Li, Kai-li Ma, You-song Ye, Jian-wen Zhang
We demonstrated that inosine-treated rhesus monkeys exhibit symptoms of HUA. PNP and XO are key enzymes involved in the purine metabolism pathway. Our results showed that the PNP mRNA level was increased by inosine compared with saline. The protein level of PNP was not significantly increased in monkeys after treatment. Furthermore, we observed that the XO mRNA and protein levels in the liver were decreased by inosine compared with saline in monkeys after treatment. It is known that XO is the target of allopurinol and febuxostat in lowering the SUA level. In this study, inosine significantly downregulated the expression of XO mRNA and protein. The mechanism underlying these effects of inosine requires further analysis. A possible underlying mechanism is the initially increased SUA inhibits the expression of XO, the key enzyme involved in UA formation to avoid excessive accumulation of SUA, the final product of purine metabolism. Uric acid production and metabolism are complex processes involving various factors that regulate uric acid production in the liver and reabsorption or excretion from the kidneys and gut.
Metabolic fate and subchronic biological effects of core–shell structured Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2 nanoparticles
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2018
Yueli Chen, Jinquan Li, Zhongxue Yuan, Jianghua Feng, Zhong Chen
AMP plays an important role in many cellular metabolic processes and as a monomer in the production of RNA. Inosine is an intermediate in a chain of purine nucleotides reaction. Glutamine is a core link between carbon metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins. The changes of these metabolites related to purine metabolism indicated that Fe@Si-NPs affect protein metabolism of rats. Protein involved in a biochemical reaction with purines, in which the degradation of purines leads to uric acid, which is degraded further to the excretory product allantoin.