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Postmenopause
Published in Carolyn Torkelson, Catherine Marienau, Beyond Menopause, 2023
Carolyn Torkelson, Catherine Marienau
As you consider foods that are beneficial, we advise you to follow the age-old adage to “eat your veggies.” Vegetables have antioxidant value and are low in calories, which helps manage weight and support healthy physical and mental well-being. Cruciferous vegetables are essential because they are rich in vitamins (folate and vitamin K), minerals (selenium and calcium), phytochemicals (plant sterols and indole-3-carbinol), and essential sulfur-containing compounds (called glucosinolates). The health benefits of cruciferous vegetables have been studied extensively. Many of the compounds in these vegetables synergistically contribute to health promotion such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant capacities. Some studies have suggested that indole-3-carbinol (active metabolites in cruciferous vegetables) strongly influences estradiol metabolism and may be a new approach to prevent estrogen-dependent diseases. If you can make just one change to your diet, start by adding one serving of cruciferous vegetables to your daily meal plan.
Nano Delivery of Antiviral Plant Bioactives as Cancer Therapeutics
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Haripriya Shanmugam, Badma Priya, Manickam Senguttuvan Swetha, Janani Semalaiyappan
Indole derivatives are very common in occurrence (broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, and other cruciferous vegetables), and the indole core is essential for many biosynthetic pathways. Indole-3-carbinol found commonly in Brassicaceae vegetables is an effective antiviral agent against HCV by inhibiting the viral entry and its replication (Zhang et al. 2015). The plant hormone, indole-3-carbinol, also has anti-tumour effects against a wide range of tumours, and it inhibits ligases, thereby combating tumours (Katz et al. 2018).
Chemopreventive Agents
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
Indole-3-carbinol (Figure 12.27) is found in relatively high amounts in cruciferous vegetables such as brussels sprouts, broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, and kale. It is produced by the breakdown of the glucosinolate glucobrassicin, which is also found in high concentrations in these cruciferous vegetables. Indole-3-carbinol is reported to have anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, antiatherogenic, and cancer chemoprevention properties.
2-Oxidation, 3-methyl hydroxylation, and 6-hydroxylation of skatole, a contributor to the odour of boar-tainted pork meat, mediated by porcine liver microsomal cytochromes P450 1A2, 2A19, 2E1, and 3A22
Published in Xenobiotica, 2023
Yasuhiro Uno, Saho Morikuni, Norie Murayama, Hiroshi Yamazaki
The roles of pig P450 enzymes and the effects of typical inhibitors of human P450s were studied in female minipig liver microsomes. Inhibitory effects of α-naphthoflavone and 8-methoxypsoralen, P450 1 A/2C and 2 A inhibitors, respectively, were observed on the rates of 3-methyloxindole, indole-3-carbinol, and 6-hydroxyskatole formation in female minipig livers (Table 1). In contrast, inhibitory effects of 4-methylpyrazole (P450 2E1 inhibitor) were evident for indole-3-carbinol and 6-hydroxyskatole formation, but not for 3-methyloxindole formation. Little suppressive effects of ketoconazole (P450 3 A inhibitor) at the low substrate concentrations of 10 µM were observed. Positive cooperativity was observed in 3-methyloxindole formation from skatole mediated by male minipig liver microsomes with a Hill coefficient of 1.2 (1.0–1.3, 95% confidential interval) in the allosteric model (Figure 3); the calculated Vmax value for 3-methyloxindole formation in male minipig liver microsomes was 1.8 nmol/min/mg protein with an apparent S50 value of >320 µM (tested in the range of 10–320 µM).
Co-treatment with indole-3-carbinol and resveratrol modify porcine CYP1A and CYP3A activities and expression
Published in Xenobiotica, 2018
Galia Zamaratskaia, Rebekka Thøgersen, Marjeta Čandek-Potokar, Martin Krøyer Rasmussen
Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) is a naturally occurring compound found in vegetables of the Cruciferae family. A study on mice demonstrated that following a single oral administration of 250 mg I3C per kg body weight, a maximum plasma concentration of 4.1 μg/mL was reached after 15 min (Anderton et al., 2004). However, in humans I3C was not detectable in plasma after oral administration (Hauder et al., 2011; Reed et al., 2006). To the best of our knowledge, the levels of I3C in pigs in relation to dietary intake are not known, although we detected trace amounts of I3C in plasma (Zamaratskaia et al., 2008). This is further supported by the fact that I3C has been shown to be a metabolite of CYP1A-dependent metabolism of 3-methylindole, which can be found in high concentrations in some pigs (Babol et al., 2004; Borrisser-Pairo et al., 2015; Matal et al., 2009). Due to its ability to down-regulate estrogen expression, I3C has been suggested to have anticarcinogenic activity in a number of animal studies (Kojima et al., 1994; Xu & Dashwood, 1999). The ability of I3C to modulate the activity of CYP is well known (Bradfield & Bjeldanes, 1984). Depending on the CYP isoform, I3C can act as either an inducer or an inhibitor of these enzymes. For example, administration of I3C to rats induced the expression of several CYP isoforms, especially CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 (Katchamart & Williams, 2001; Stresser et al., 1994). In contrast, I3C inhibited CYP1A activity in rat, human and fish through the formation of 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM) (Stresser et al., 1995).
Novel [(3-indolylmethylene)hydrazono]indolin-2-ones as apoptotic anti-proliferative agents: design, synthesis and in vitro biological evaluation
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2018
Wagdy M. Eldehna, Mahmoud F. Abo-Ashour, Hany S. Ibrahim, Ghada H. Al-Ansary, Hazem A. Ghabbour, Mahmoud M. Elaasser, Hanaa Y. A. Ahmed, Nesreen A. Safwat
Indole is a well-known interesting scaffold to generate anticancer agents through induction of apoptosis. Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) (Figure 1), a naturally occurring compound found in family Cruciferae, displayed a remarkable activity against different types of cancer cells including breast, colon, leukaemia and prostate. This activity was justified by its ability to induce apoptosis through arresting G1/S phase of cell cycle2,3. Interestingly, under acidic conditions, indole-3-carbinol is dimerised into 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM) which exhibited superior activity as apoptosis inducing agent over indole-3-carbinol2,3. Moreover, Phemindole (Figure 1) overcame the poor bioavailability of DIM and illustrated apoptotic activity against triple negative breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) through reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis4. Modifications for both I3C and DIM took place to get more active compounds. For example, OSU-A9, N-substituted derivative of I3C, was 100 times more potent than the parent compound (the range of IC50 of OSU-A9 against MDA-MB-231, MCF-7 and SKBR3 is 1.2–1.8 µM and IC50 of IC3=200 µM) with more acid stability against both breast and prostate cancer cells (Figure 1)5,6. In addition, 1,1-Bis(3'-indolyl)-1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)methane (I), a derivative of Phemindole, was found to promote apoptosis in both pancreatic and colon cancer cells in vivo as well as in vitro7,8.