China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
The Effects Of Metallic Tin and Inorganic Tin on Plasma Cells*
Published in Nate F. Cardarelli, Tin as a Vital Nutrient:, 2019
Metallic tin has been widely used for canning and packaging food, because it is thought to be relatively inert and biologically harmless. These same characteristics made it a candidate for use as an immunological adjuvant, to increase the immunologic effects of antigenic materials injected simultaneously. Initially, we studied the effects of infections of powdered metallic tin on experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system caused by an immunological reaction to an antigenic component of neural tissue. This disease is a cell-mediated phenomenon related to the delayed hypersensitivity class of immune reactions. (The effects of tin powder on the humoral antibody type of response to a different antigen will be reported separately.) It was reasonable to expect powdered metallic tin to act as an immunologic adjuvant, because certain iron powders and a number of other insoluble particulate materials were known to have this type of enhancing activity when mixed with the neural antigen and injected into rats.
Adjuvants
Published in F. Y. Liew, Vaccination Strategies of Tropical Diseases, 2017
Live attenuated vaccines suffer from two major problems. First, there is a danger of a reversion to virulence; second, they are unstable and require to be stored at a low temperature. The maintenance of an uninterrupted cold chain is particularly difficult in the tropics. These problems can be avoided by using vaccines containing purified components of the pathogen, which are now becoming ever more easy to manufacture by recombinant DNA technology (Chapter 2), or synthetic peptides corresponding to the relevant antigenic determinants (Chapter 5). However, another problem now arises because these purified proteins or peptides are much less capable of inducing strong and long-lasting immunity than the live vaccines. It is generally necessary to add an extra constituent to the vaccine, the immunological adjuvant, whose purpose is to stimulate the specific immune response to the antigens in the vaccine.
Radiation therapy to enhance tumor immunotherapy: a novel application for an established modality
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2019
Eric C. Ko, Silvia C. Formenti
When testing the combination of radiation and immunotherapy, patient selection is a critical factor. Currently, the typical selection process has focused on identifying patients who are the most likely to respond to immunotherapy. For instance, tumor mutational burden (TMB) was found to be strongly associated with clinical responses to nivolumab and ipilimumab in metastatic NSCLC patients (Hellmann, Ciuleanu, et al. 2018, Hellmann, Nathanson, et al. 2018). While TMB-high patients appear to be the most likely to respond to immunotherapy, a strategy that combines radiation therapy with immunotherapy may be a rational therapeutic approach for TMB-low patients, since radiation therapy can increase the mutational burden of tumor cells. If successful in this subset of patients, radiation therapy could serve as an indispensable immunological adjuvant to expand patient eligibility for immunotherapy approaches.
Assessment of squalene eligibility in bettering some maternal and fetal disorders instigated by gamma irradiation of rats at mid gestation
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2018
Maha Fawzy Ibrahim, Nahed Abdelaziz
Besides being a hydrocarbon and a triterpene, squalene is a precursor in the synthesis of complex secondary metabolites such as sterols, hormones, and vitamins. Also, it has a variety of physiological functions in body tissues (Pallavi et al. 2012). Although squalene has been an important chemical in human life for years, the discovery of its novel and useful functions is still continuous, thus increasing the demand of squalene, as it is an attractive target for biotechnological production (Ghimire et al. 2016). Since squalene is mainly stored in the shark’s liver, it has recently become a trend for sharks to be hunted to process their livers for the purpose of making squalene-health capsules. It has also been utilized in pharmaceutical industry as immunological adjuvant in vaccines and anti-ulcer (Auti and Kulkarni 2013; Azmi et al. 2017). Moreover, it was found to show protective activities against several carcinogens (Senthilkumar et al. 2006) and ionizing radiation (Ahmed and Abdel-Magied 2011).
Gold nanorods with an ultrathin anti-biofouling siloxane layer for combinatorial anticancer therapy
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2020
Jinjoo Kim, Hyeongseop Keum, Hansol Kim, Byeongjun Yu, Wonsik Jung, Changhee Whang, Changjin Seo, Ji Ho Park, Sangyong Jon
It was recently reported that PTT [23] or chemotherapy with some anticancer drugs (e.g. Dox, mitoxantrone and oxaliplatin) [24,25] can induce immunogenic cell death of cancers. Accordingly, combinations of chemotherapy or PTT with cancer immunotherapy (e.g. immunologic adjuvant, immune-checkpoint inhibitor) have shown outstanding antitumour effects through formation of antitumour immunity; even the simple combination of Dox and PTT using spiky gold nanoparticles was shown to induce antitumour immune responses [26]. Therefore, this new method of modifying the surface of GNRs, which enables drug loading, cancer-targeting and stabilisation in biological conditions, is expected to be broadly utilised in various antitumour therapies.