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Wild Plants of Northern Peru
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Wild Plants, 2020
Fidel A. Torres-Guevara, Mayar L. Ganoza-Yupanqui, Luz A. Suárez-Rebaza, Gonzalo R. Malca-García, Rainer W. Bussmann
The north coast of Peru, being an arid region that depends completely on the water sourced from moorland and cloud forests, promotes reforestation programs aimed at maintaining the water capacity of the basins. Three appropriate species for this purpose are “lanche” which is a tree species, and “ushpa” and “payana” as shrub species, in which in all three cases play an important role in the ground cover for the collection, filtration, retention, and distribution of rainfall water (2, 500 mm annual average); becoming a profitable way of conserving biodiversity and the hydrological cycle of the basins. This is possible due to collective agreements that can only be achieved by community organizations with the capacity to make the decision to convert the wealth of their wild plants into an economic strategy for the conservation of environmental services and biodiversity.
Statistical Modeling of Dynamic Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Published in Vyacheslav Lyubchich, Yulia R. Gel, K. Halimeda Kilbourne, Thomas J. Miller, Nathaniel K. Newlands, Adam B. Smith, Evaluating Climate Change Impacts, 2020
Under the IPCC methodology, the scaling coefficient and emission factors may be constant or non-constant, but the activity or scaling factor is independent of the emission coefficient. We define a set of state-mediator parameter and variables (Tables 15.2–15.8) that enable IPCC-derived emission equations to be expressed in the general form (15.1), whereby the scaling factor is dependent on both management variables, and those that are dependent on C and N flow. Where data is available, modeled flow can be substituted by measured flow data in achieving a mass-balanced solution, i.e., mass-balance constraint becomes a data constraint with known variance and covariance. In the formulation on the next page we also assume that the ecosystem flows are unknown and the emission losses are known. The hydrological cycle and water transport processes are not modeled explicitly, but instead are considered implicitly as they influence various modeled parameters and variables.
Chemical Factors
Published in Michael J. Kennish, Ecology of Estuaries Physical and Chemical Aspects, 2019
The original source of most nitrogen and phosphorus in estuaries is the weathering of rocks and leaching of soils on land.10 Most nitrogen and phosphorus compounds enter estuaries from rivers, with a minor fraction supplied by seawater and precipitation. Anthropogenic activity is a predominant source of nutrient elements in some systems;149,156,166 much nitrogen and phosphorus is carried in wastewater discharges.167 Increased sewage production, agricultural fertilization, and urbanization have coincided with the accelerated influx of nutrient elements in estuaries during the past two decades. The relative contribution of nutrient elements from land runoff, the atmosphere, and wastewater discharges differs markedly among estuarine ecosystems, and on a seasonal basis, the contribution of nutrients from land runoff is more variable than the other two major nutrient sources, being strongly influenced by the seasonal hydrological cycle.167
Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in fillet tissue of common carp (Cyprinus carpio): a systematic review, meta-analysis and risk assessment study
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Yadolah Fakhri, Babak Djahed, Ali Toolabi, Amir Raoofi, Abdolmajid Gholizadeh, Hadi Eslami, Mahmoud Taghavi, Mohammad reza Alipour, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
As species contaminate surface and groundwater resources as a result of natural processes such as dissolving minerals, chemical decomposition, as well as human activities such as electronics and metallurgy industries (Zaw and Emett 2002, Gholami et al. 2006, Uddin et al. 2006). As is mobile in the environment and this regard could penetrate into the hydrological cycle and food chain using different pathways such as rainfall (Mandal and Suzuki 2002). It is a toxic and accumulative substance and can inhibit SH-group enzymes (Ventura-Lima et al. 2011) which may cause dysfunction in the digestive system, liver cancer, shock leading to death, pulmonary and respiratory failures and kidney damage (Rahmani et al. 2010, Lee et al. 2014); it is also known as a carcinogenic substance that can cause bladder, lung and skin cancers (Shen et al. 2013).
Climate change, uncertainty and allostatic load
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2019
D. E. Crews, N. C. Kawa, J. H. Cohen, G. L. Ulmer, A. N. Edes
Uncertainty over access to food and water activate allostasis, redirecting internal energy allotments to food- and water-seeking activity (see Peters et al. 2017). Following long-term nutrient and/or hydration deficits, anabolic activity and immune function become compromised, leaving those affected more susceptible to pathogens. Food and water insecurity, like social instability, are labile conditions. Even without GCC, such conditions have always existed in some geographical and sociocultural settings. Humans continually use freshwater for multiple purposes. In climate-sensitive production systems, GCC acts as a risk multiplier in combination with poor agricultural land and jointly may produce extreme droughts such as observed at Lakes Poopó and Titicaca. As GCC and human activity alter regional hydrological cycles, arable land and productivity decline, local resources become insecure and perceptions of food and water insecurity increase (Trawick 2003; Endfield and Tejedo 2006). In such situations, major stressors on humans such as poor nutrition, hunger and starvation, may follow. GCC and agricultural diversion of freshwater from lakes and rivers have been a blueprint for reduced subsistence production and movement of populations to more secure, often urban, locations. As GCC multiplies risks for instability and insecurity, mobility may be the only choice left for those affected.