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Opioids Analgesics and Antagonists
Published in Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur, Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
R. Rachana, Tanya Gupta, Saumya Yadav, Manisha Singh
Hydrocodone and codeine are structurally similar but it, is a weak µ receptor agonist. However, after its demethylation by hydrogen bromide (HBr), it results into hydromorphone, having a comparatively stronger affinity for µ opioid receptor (Otton et al., 1993). It also possesses unique anti-sedative effect owing to its affinity toward multiple opioid receptors (Poyhia et al., 1992). It is metabolized by two cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, that is, CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, which leads to synthesis of noroxycodone and oxymorphone metabolites, respectively, by demethylation (Prude Pharma, 2007). The drug hydrocodone and oxycodone are potent analgesics and are closer to morphine. They cause more respiratory depression and addiction liability than morphine, but ventricular standstill is resolved, preceded by nausea after first time oral administration of hydrocodone (Sudhakaran et al., 2014).
Chemical Reactions of Glycerine
Published in Eric Jungermann, Norman O.V. Sonntag, Glycerine, 2018
Mono- and dibromohydrins have been prepared by the reaction between glycerine and hydrobromic acid or dry hydrogen bromide. They are colorless, viscous liquids, and occur in the various isomeric forms. Iodohydrins have not been made directly from glycerine; instead, they have been prepared from chlorhydrins by replacing the chloride with iodine [24].
Iodine that sustains electronic and information materials
Published in Tatsuo Kaiho, Iodine Made Simple, 2017
Use of halogen gases such as chlorine, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen bromide was attempted in the dry etching method. However, in comparison to these gases, hydrogen iodide gas exhibited a far superior performance.
A novel redox/pH dual-responsive and hyaluronic acid-decorated multifunctional magnetic complex micelle for targeted gambogic acid delivery for the treatment of triple negative breast cancer
Published in Drug Delivery, 2018
Mang Mang Sang, Fu Lei Liu, Yang Wang, Ren Jie Luo, Xiao Xian Huan, Ling Fei Han, Zhong Tao Zhang, Feng Feng, Wei Qu, Wenyuan Liu, Feng Zheng
Chitosan oligosaccharide (CSO, the average molecular weight =5 kDa, degree of acetylation >80%) (Rekha & Sharma, 2015) was purchased from the Dibai Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). 1-Hexadecanol (≥99.0%) and N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC, ≥95%) was obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China); 3,3′-dithiodipropionic acid (DTDPA, 99%), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDCI, 98%), N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS, 98%), 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP, 99%) and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC, 95%), 2,4,6-trinitro-benzenesulfonicacid (TNBS), 1,10-phenanthroline (99%), glutathione (Reduced, 95%), Triethylamine and triphosgene were purchased from the Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China). Methoxypolyethylene glycols（MEO-PEG-OH, the average molecular weight =2 kDa）was obtained from TCI development Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Methanesulfonyl chloride was purchased from Shandong Western Asia Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. N6-Cbz-L-Lysine was purchased from Shanghai Shuya medical science and Technology Co., Ltd. Hydrogen bromide (HBr, 33 wt% in acetic acid) was obtained from Bailingwei reagent co., ltd.