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Palliative care
Published in Henry J. Woodford, Essential Geriatrics, 2022
Available evidence suggests a similar efficacy for all of these agents. A significant reduction in noise is observed in around 80% of treated patients.14 When these medications are given intravenously they have a more rapid onset but shorter duration of action than intramuscular dosing. A 24-hour subcutaneous infusion is preferable for most people. All of these drugs may cause anticholinergic adverse effects (seeTable 3.2). Hyoscine butylbromide is more likely to cross the blood-brain barrier and cause confusion. Glycopyrronium and hyoscine hydrobromide may cause bradycardia, whereas hyoscine butylbromide may cause tachycardia. All of these agents can provoke urinary retention. Hyoscine is also available as a transdermal patch.
H
Published in Caroline Ashley, Aileen Dunleavy, John Cunningham, The Renal Drug Handbook, 2018
Caroline Ashley, Aileen Dunleavy, John Cunningham
Hyoscine hydrobromide is almost entirely metabolised, probably in the liver; only a small proportion of an oral dose is excreted unchanged in the urine. In one study in man, 3.4% of a single dose, administered by subcutaneous injection was excreted unchanged in urine within 72 hours.
Development of palliative medicine in the United Kingdom and Ireland
Published in Eduardo Bruera, Irene Higginson, Charles F von Gunten, Tatsuya Morita, Textbook of Palliative Medicine and Supportive Care, 2015
As the patient becomes more unresponsive and secretions accumulate, it is important to counsel the family that the noisy breathing is not distressing for the patient and represents pooling of secretions. It does not indicate that the patient is choking. Â 52 Medications that may be used to reduce secretions are glycopyrrolate 0.4mg SC every 4 hours or hyoscine butylbromide 10-20mg SC every 4-6 hours. Hyoscine hydrobromide should be used with caution as it may cause or aggravate agitation.
Where do we go next in antidepressant drug discovery? A new generation of antidepressants: a pivotal role of AMPA receptor potentiation and mGlu2/3 receptor antagonism
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2022
Andrzej Pilc, Agata Machaczka, Paweł Kawalec, Jodi L. Smith, Jeffrey M. Witkin
The structures of two muscarinic receptor antagonists that have clinical use in patients are shown in Figure 5. Biperiden is used in the clinical management of Parkinson’s disease [80]. Both scopolamine and biperiden have been studied for their antidepressant effects with scopolamine being the most widely investigated in depressed patients. Scopolamine is a naturally derived alkaloid of a species of plant from the Solanaceae family. Scopolamine is a nonselective antagonist of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and is widely used as a butyl bromide salt in the treatment of abdominal pain, irritable bowel syndrome and bladder spasms (in this form it does not readily penetrate into the CNS). A hydrobromide derivative (which enters the brain) is used as a motion sickness reliever and sometimes as a preoperative medication [81]. Scopolamine induces hyperactivity and dream-like ‘hallucinations,’ and at a dose of 24 ug/kg i.m., produced delirium in humans [82]. Scopolamine belongs to a separate group of drugs that have been termed deliriants [83].
Radio-protective efficacy of Gymnema sylvestre on Pangasius sutchi against gamma (60Co) irradiation
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Pamela Sinha, Kantha Devi Arunachalam, Santhosh Kumar Nagarajan, Thirumurthy Madhavan, Arumugam R. Jayakumar, Mohamed Saiyad Musthafa
Binding energies in the protein-ligand interactions explains how ligand fits with target protein. Examination of the binding interactions of the ligands helps in elucidating the reasonable and appropriate structural features of ligand which increase the binding affinity and therapeutic efficacy. Hence through in-silico studies it may be concluded that Ami and the phyto-components of GS can be used as a novel drug as radioprotector for protecting DNA from radiation but these phyto-components of GS cannot effective for DNA repair mechanism compare to Ami. Similarly, Vinutha et al. (2015) have mentioned that the P. marsupium on pBR322 plasmid DNA and its in-silico studies showed the components of P. marsupium inhibited p53 protein by binding to Arginine 248 and Arginine 273 amino acid, which revealed that the components of P. marsupium can protect DNA from radiation-induced damage. These reports support the current study on radio-protective efficacy of Ami and phyto-components of GS in P. sutchi which can further lead to the higher studies on animal or human model. In order to validate the docking program followed, we have performed docking of Pifithrin-α (PFT-α) hydrobromide with p53 structure 1TUP. PFT-α hydrobromide is a p53 inhibitor which blocks the activation of transcription and apoptosis by p53. We have observed that PFT-α hydrobromide docked in the same binding space as that of other ligands.
Dissolving microneedles for transdermal delivery of huperzine A for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease
Published in Drug Delivery, 2020
Qinying Yan, Weiwei Wang, Jiaqi Weng, Zhenghan Zhang, Lina Yin, Qingliang Yang, Fangyuan Guo, Xingang Wang, Fan Chen, Gensheng Yang
Since the 6th day, the rats were trained under the conditions of the platform to familiarize themselves with the pool environment. Then the positioning navigation test was carried out four times a day lasting for six days. Briefly, the rats were placed in the water facing the pool wall at one of four selected starting points (northwest, northeast, southwest, and southeast pole), and had to learn a new location of the submerged platform within 120 s. On the 11th day, the injection of scopolamine hydrobromide (1 mg/kg, ip) was performed 30 min after the daily treatment, except for the control group, to create a short-time memory defect AD model (Wang et al., 2007). Forty-five minutes later, a four-quadrant water maze test was performed to record the escape latency (Dhingra & Soni, 2018).