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The Properties and Applications of Nanodiamonds
Published in Lajos P. Balogh, Nano-Enabled Medical Applications, 2020
Vadym Mochalin, Olga Shenderova, Dean Ho, Yury Gogotsi
Diamond and glassy carbon are known to be non-toxic, but we cannot assume that carbon nanoparticles are also non-toxic. Owing to the different purification procedures used by different manufacturers, and the multiple options for surface modification, the toxicity of nanodiamonds is of legitimate concern [20]. In vitro and in vivo studies have been conducted to examine characteristics as diverse as cell viability, gene programme activity, and in vivo mechanistic and physiological behaviour [11, 20–22, 102–104]. Nanodiamonds instilled within the trachea were reported to be of low pulmonary toxicity, with the amount of nanodiamond in the alveolar region decreasing with time, and macrophages burdened with nanodiamonds were observed in the bronchia for 28 days after exposure [102]. Intravenously administered nanodiamond complexes at high dosages did not change serum indicators of liver and systemic toxicity [104].
Molecular Diagnostics of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Precision Medicine via Gold Nanoparticles
Published in Il-Jin Kim, Companion Diagnostics (CDx) in Precision Medicine, 2019
Raquel Vinhas, Alexandra R. Fernandes, Pedro V. Baptista
Electrochemical biosensing based on nucleic acid hybridization has also attracted considerable attention since it provides a sensitive, accurate, rapid, portable, and cost-effective platform for numerous fields including medical diagnostics. The working principle of this type of biosensors relies on measuring the conductivity resulting from the noncovalent interactions between the hybrid nanocomposite and the DNA probe, which can be used to monitor the hybridization to the target molecule.51 Li et al. developed an electrochemical genosensor based on gold and CeO2 nanoparticles for the detection of BCR–ABL1 fusion gene in CML. This simple DNA biosensor employed methylene blue as an external redox indicator and the design of the following nanocomposite: in situ synthesis of AuNPs at the surface of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), CeO2 nanoparticles, and chitosan, immobilized in a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The prepared membrane integrated the strong adsorption ability of CeO2 to the DNA probes, the high conductivity of AuNPs, and the large surface area and excellent electron-transfer ability of MWCNTs. The proposed method was tested using synthetic oligonucleotides and PCR products, offering good selectivity, stability, reproducibility, and simplicity.50 Despite all these advantages, this system has not yet applied to clinical samples or was not provided by the authors.
Nanotechnology-Derived Orthopedic Implant Sensors
Published in Iniewski Krzysztof, Integrated Microsystems, 2017
Sirinrath Sirivisoot, Thomas J. Webster
Although the area of the working electrode is constant in the presence of MWCNTs, the overall surface area and the electroactivity of the surface are increased. The MWCNTs act as a nanobarrier between the titanium oxide layer, which was its growth template, and the electrolyte solution. The surface atoms or molecules of MWCNTs play an important role in determining its bulk properties due to their nanosize effects [41]. A large surface, corresponding to the greater electrocatalytic activity, confers the catalytic role on the MWCNTs in the chemical reaction. Well-defined and persistent redox peaks are shown in Figure 29.7c, confirming the increases of electron transfers and higher electrochemical activities at the MWCNT-Ti surface. Cyclic voltammetry was also performed with a glassy carbon electrode (GCE; Bioanalytical) and a platinum electrode (PTE; Bioanalytical), and it also showed ΔEp > 59/n mV (data not shown). Importantly, for the same scan rate, CV of GCE and PTE showed the redox reactions with similar but more widely separated anodic and cathodic peaks, confirming the performance of the MWCNT-Ti electrode.
Human disease glycomics: technology advances enabling protein glycosylation analysis – part 1
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2018
Arun V Everest-Dass, Edward S X Moh, Christopher Ashwood, Abdulrahman M M Shathili, Nicolle H Packer
Porous glassy carbon as a chromatographic support matrix was modified by Knox and Gilbert to produce PGC that displayed good stability and chromatographic performance [120]. Earlier studies using PGC for chromatography suggested a reversed-phase-type behavior due to the proportional increase of retention of increasing hydrocarbons, but this does not explain the unique properties of isomeric and charge resolution. The retention mechanisms of glycans on PGC are still only vaguely comprehended with hydrophobic, ionic, and polar retention effects on graphite as known contributors. PGC shows superior resolution of native nonreduced and reduced glycans compared to conventional phases. Lately, the separation of permethylated glycans by PGC has also been reported [113,121]; other advancements include the packing of PGC into nanoscale chromatography chips for nano-LC-MS-based analysis of glycans [122].
Lipid–drug conjugates and associated carrier strategies for enhanced antiretroviral drug delivery
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2020
Funanani Takalani, Pradeep Kumar, Pierre P. D. Kondiah, Yahya E. Choonara, Viness Pillay
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were developed in 1991 (Rafati and Afraz 2014). These are carbon-based nanocarriers which are cylindrical in shape and contain hexagonal networks of carbon atoms. They have a unique geometry and a controllable size with a surface area that is large and reactive (Lee and Yeo 2015). As a drug carrier, CNTs have been shown to possess excellent properties suitable to incorporate LDCs (Shao et al. 2013). Herein, a long chain lipid molecule covalently attached to the drug binds to surfaces of CNTs via hydrophobic interactions. Zidovudine is an example of one of the ARV drugs that has been conjugated to silver nanofilm and multiwalled carbon nanotubes. This conjugate was immobilized on glassy carbon electrodes to fabricate a sensor. The findings showed that zidovudine responded well to this sensor and thereby showing potential to produce high electrocatalytic activity (Rafati and Afraz 2014). CNTs can be divided into two groups (functionalized and non-functionalized). In contrast to non-functionalized CNTs which have difficulties dissolving in solvents (both organic and inorganic) because of their structural features, functionalized CNTs (f-CNTs) can overcome these difficulties. Thus, f-CNTs allow covalent or non-covalent chemical bonding within CNTs and the targeted material. Hence, they have resulted in improved toxicity profiles both in vitro and in vivo (Prajapati et al. 2011). On the other hand, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have shown potential as drug carriers which do not result in toxic effects owing to their ability to penetrate mammalian cells (Zhang et al. 2006).
Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, bioavailability, and excretion of nuciferine, an alkaloid from lotus, in rats by LC/MS/MS
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2018
Fugang Wang, Juan Cao, Xueqin Hou, Zhiyong Li, Xiaolan Qu
Nuciferine ((R)-1, 2-dimethoxyaporphine) is an aporphine alkaloid which chemical structure is shown in Figure 1. Several techniques have been employed for analysis of nuciferine, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [10], HPLC with mass spectrometry (MS) [11], activated glassy carbon electrode [12], and non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis [13]. But more detailed information of the metabolism, excretion, and tissue distribution of nuciferine is still lacking. Therefore, this study further developed and validated a sensitive LC–MS/MS method, and applied it to study pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, bioavailability, and excretion of nuciferine in rats. This may be helpful for clinical development and application of nuciferine.