Geranic acid

Geranic acid

Geranic acid is a type of acid that can be produced through the direct oxidation of geraniol or by metabolizing geraniol via 8-hydroxygeraniol and 8-carboxygeraniol to Hildebrandt acid. It is also a component of choline geranate, a liquid formed by mixing choline bicarbonate and geranic acid in a 1:2 ratio, which reacts to form the neutral choline geranate and free geranic acid.From: Handbook of Essential Oils [2020], Intestinal permeation enhancers to improve oral bioavailability of macromolecules: reasons for low efficacy in humans [2021]

Metabolism of Terpenoids in Animal Models and Humans

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Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020

Walter Jäger, Martina Höferl

Geraniol is a major component in the essential oils of Geranium graveolens, Cymbopogon martinii, and other Cymbopogon species. It has a rose-like odor and is commonly used in perfumes and cosmetics and as a flavor (O'Neil, 2006; Bornscheuer et al., 2014). Several metabolites could be identified in rat urine after oral administration (Chadha and Madyastha, 1984). Geraniol can be either metabolized via 8-hydroxygeraniol and 8-carboxygeraniol to Hildebrandt acid or directly oxidized to geranic acid and 3-hydroxycitronellic acid (Figure 10.14). The observed selective oxidation of the C-8 in geraniol also occurs in higher plants as the first step in the biosynthesis of indole alkaloids. When incubated with human CYPs found in skin, geraniol was metabolized not only into the aldehydes neral and geranial, but also into epoxides like 2,3-epoxygeraniol, 6,7-epoxygeraniol, and 6,7-epoxygeranial (Hagvall et al., 2008).

Permeation enhancers in transdermal drug delivery: benefits and limitations

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Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2020

Andrej Kováčik, Monika Kopečná, Kateřina Vávrová

Ionic liquids, which are salts in a liquid state (e.g., choline – geranic acid, CAGE, systems [92,108]), are an emerging group of interesting enhancers that facilitate transdermal delivery of both small and large molecules including insulin. The parent compounds, from which ionic liquids are formed are often inactive or less active than the resulting salt.

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Metabolism of Terpenoids in Animal Models and Humans

Permeation enhancers in transdermal drug delivery: benefits and limitations