China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Catalog of Herbs
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
Contains the indole alkaloid gelsemine (C20H22N2O2), gelsemicine (C20H26N2O4), gelsidine (C19H24N2O3), gelsevirine (C21H24-26N2O3), sempervirine (C19H16N2). Root contains beta-methylaesculetine, C10H3O4, the rhizome n-pentatriacontane, C15H72, a phytosterin, C27H46O, emodinmonomethylether, ipuranol (C23H38O2(OH)2), a fatty oil with palmitic-, stearic-, oleic-, and linoleic-acid, 0.5% essential oil, and tannin.33
Handbook of Phytochemical Constituents of GRAS Herbs and Other Economic Plants
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Phytochemical Constituents of GRAS Herbs and Other Economic Plants, 2017
“Yellow Jessamine”BRASOSIDE RT 411/FABIATIN RT 411/EMODIN-MONOMETHYLETHER RT HHBEO 5,000 RT HHBGELSEDINE RT ALKGELSEMICINE RT ALKGELSEMIDE RT 411/GELSEMIDE-7-GLUCOSIDE RT 411/GELSEMIDINE RT ALKGELSEMINE RT ALKGELSEMININE RT ALKGELSEMIOL RT 411/GELSEMIOL-1-GLUCOSIDE RT 411/GELSEMIOL-3-GLUCOSIDE RT 411/GELSEVIRINE RT ALK9-HYDROXYSEMPEROSIDE RT 411/IPURANOL RT ALK1-METHOXY-GELSEMINE PL JSGN-PENTATRIACONTANE RT HHBSCOPOLETIN RT HHBSEMPERVIRINE RT ALKSEMPEROSIDE PL JSGTANNIN RT 411/
An overview of spirooxindole as a promising scaffold for novel drug discovery
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2020
Li-Ming Zhou, Ren-Yu Qu, Guang-Fu Yang
Gelsemine is a representative example of indole alkaloids isolated from the genus Gelsemium. It has been found to possess antihyperlipidemic and antioxidative effects [13], as well as have repairing action against cisplatin-produced nephrotoxicity [14]. Spirotryprostatins A and B are identified as potential anticancer drugs due to their potent inhibition against the G2/M phase of cell division and mouse breast cancer cells tsFT210 [15]. Alstonisine is the first macroline-related oxindole alkaloid isolated from Alstonia muelleriana [16], showing moderate in vitro antiplasmodial activity. Besides, this natural product also can be used to design potential murine double minute 2 (MDM2) inhibitors. Naturally occurring oxindole alkaloid Citrinadin A/B and Notoamide B were isolated from Penicillium citrinum N059 strain and Aspergillus species, respectively, which have been widely studied because of their remarkable anticancer efficacy [17,18]. Pteropodine, Isopteropodine, Isomitraphylline, Mitraphylline, and Uncarine F were all obtained from Uncaria tomentosa. Except for mitraphylline, the other four kinds of alkaloids can control the proliferation of acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells (CEM-C7H2 cells) [19,20]. Besides, Mitraphylline exhibits an in vivo controlling effect against the cytokines associated with most inflammation processes. Thus, it is considered to be a novel lead compound for anti–inflammatory therapy [21]. Speciophylline isolated from Mitragyna inermis has potential in vitro antiplasmodial property [22]. Cyclopiamine A/B and C/D are fungal hexacyclic spiroindolinone alkaloid isolated from Penicillium cyclopium in 1979 and soilborne strain coded as Penicillium sp. CML 3020 in 2009, respectively. Their related bioactivities are being carried out a detailed investigation [23,24]. Beyond that, there are many other natural products bearing this characteristic structural scaffold (spirooxindole) such as Tabernoxidine, Formosainine, and Marcfortine A/B, which provide abundant structural forms and diverse bioactivities.
Recent progress in chemistry and bioactivity of monoterpenoid indole alkaloids from the genus gelsemium: a comprehensive review
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2023
Lin Wang, Siyu Chen, Xun Gao, Xiao Liang, Weichen Lv, Dongfang Zhang, Xin Jin
Several research has indicated that gelsemium MIAs exert analgesic properties in vivo and in vitro. Koumine (2) is the most abundant MIA of G. elegans. Its treatment displayed efficient analgesic activity against inflammatory and neuropathic pain in a variety of rodent models37. Mechanistic studies revealed that koumine could function as a high-affinity ligand that interacted with translocator protein 18kda positive (TSPO) protein in microglia, thereby inducing TSPO allostery37,38. TSPO allostery triggered the biosynthesis of neurosteroids, such as allopregnanolone in the spinal cords, which mediated the reduction of neuropathic pain39. Moreover, in vivo and in vitro studies also found that koumine enabled to inhibit the production of proinflammatory cytokines and glial activation40,41. Because TSPO is the typical marker of activated microglia, we conjectured that this anti-inflammatory action of koumine might also be related to TSPO allostery. Besides, koumine also increased astrocyte autophagy occurrence and decreased astrocyte-related inflammation, which was the mechanistic basis for its analgesic activity42. In terms of improvement in diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP), the neuropathic pain behaviour and the injury of axon and myelin sheath of the sciatic nerve were greatly ameliorated in streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetes rats after subcutaneous treatment with koumine (0.28, 1.4, and 7.0 mg/kg, for 7 days)43. Its analgesic effects could be attributed to the modulation of spinal microglial M1 polarisation and proinflammatory mediators via inhibiting the Notch-RBP-Jκ signalling pathway44. Moreover, the study on pharmacokinetics indicated that koumine elimination was decreased in STZ-induced rats, suggesting koumine was retained for the treatment of DNP in vivo45. Gelsemine (3), is the principal active alkaloid from G. sempervirens. Like koumine, gelsemine also was able to inhibit nociceptive pain and tonic pain in different pain models. Its mechanism for analgesic activity was that gelsemine might serve as a potential α3 glycine receptor (α3-GlyR) agonist to modulate the function of spinal α3-GlyRs and stimulate the biosynthesis of allopregnanolone through upregulation of the mRNA expression of 3α-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase46–48. Where after, gelsemine’s analgesic effect was reported in partial sciatic nerve-ligated mice as its administrations (2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg, i.p.) alleviated both neuropathic pain and sleep disturbance, and upregulated c-Fos expression in the neurons of the anterior cingulate cortex49. Additionally, intraperitoneal N-desmethoxyhumantenine N4-oxide (48) treatment at lower doses of 0.04 and 0.2 mg/kg alleviated acetic acid intraperitoneal injection-induced writhing of mice with inhibition rates of 67.6 and 76.1%, respectively, which were even stronger than those of the positive control, morphine. Additionally, gelstriamine A (50) treatment (1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) showed potent analgesic activity with a reduced rate of 64.7% in the same model18.