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A-Z of Standardisation, Pre-Clinical, Clinical and Toxicological Data
Published in Saroya Amritpal Singh, Regulatory and Pharmacological Basis of Ayurvedic Formulations, 2017
Standardization: Standardisation procedure of the medicinal plants used in Abhayarishta has been done (Sharma and Jolly 1992). A simple, rapid, precise and accurate gas liquid chromatographic method has been developed for determination of ethanol in abhayarishta (Wadher et al. 2007). An HPLC-DAD method for quantitative estimation of selected marker constituents in the formulation has been developed and validated. A comparison of decoction and final processed formulation revealed chebulagic and chebulinic acid of Terminalia chebula were hydrolyzed to their respective monomers and, consequently, there was an increase in the amount of chebulic acid, gallic acid, ellagic acid and ethyl gallate after fermentation. 5-Hydroxymethyl furfural was also found (Lal et al. 2010).
Formaldehyde
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Furfural is an important renewable, nonpetroleum-based, chemical feedstock. Hydrogenation of furfural provides furfuryl alcohol (FA), which is a useful chemical intermediate and which may be further hydrogenated to tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFA). THFA is used as a nonhazardous solvent in agricultural formulations and as an adjuvant to help herbicides penetrate the leaf structure. Furfural is used to make other furan chemicals, such as furoic acid via oxidation1 and furan itself via palladium-catalyzed vapor-phase decarbonylation2. Furfural is also an important chemical solvent.
Risk assessment of components in tobacco smoke and e-cigarette aerosols: a pragmatic choice of dose metrics
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2021
Peter M. J. Bos, Lya G. Soeteman-Hernández, Reinskje Talhout
Jarabek (1995) stated that concentration could be the appropriate dose metric for irritants, no matter the duration. ECHA. (2012) also considers dose-related dose metrics not applicable for effects that are mainly concentration-driven, such as irritation. However, available animal experiments indicate that the exposure-response relationship for respiratory tract irritation might also be more complex. For instance, based on experiments with groups of rats exposed to formaldehyde up to 13 weeks (each group receiving a similar daily dose but different combinations of exposure duration and concentration), Wilmer et al. (1987, 1989) concluded that exposure concentration rather than the total inhaled dose of formaldehyde determined the cytotoxicity on the nasal epithelium. In contrast, in a comparable experiment, Appelman et al. (1986) did not observe differences in nasal toxicity in rats with different exposure regimens to acetaldehyde. Further, Arts et al. (2004) exposed rats to furfural for either 3 or 6 hours per day for four weeks; groups of rats were exposed to various concentrations spaced by a factor of two. In rats exposed for 3 hours per day, the incidence and degree of severity of the histopathological changes in the nasal passage appeared to be less as compared to rats exposed for 6 hours to the same concentration but also as compared to rats exposed for 6 hours to half the concentration (i.e. to the same total dose). Thus exposure duration appeared to be an important factor for the induction of nasal passage lesions in rats by furfural. These examples with different outcomes show that further studies are needed to elucidate the exposure-response relationship for respiratory tract irritants.
Antimicrobial activities of Trichoderma atroviride against common bean seed-borne Macrophomina phaseolina and Rhizoctonia solani
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2020
Naglaa M. El-Benawy, Gamal M. Abdel-Fattah, Khalid M. Ghoneem, Yasser M. Shabana
Furfural and 2-furanmethanol were also identified in T. atroviride filtrate, which have many applications in food industries. Furfural is one of the first color compound identified in the non-enzymatic browning and act as natural colorant [43]. In our result, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural is the major compound detected with high amount (46.11%) and proved on most reports to have a wide range of positive effects, such as antioxidative [44], anti-allergic [45], and anti-inflammatory [46].
Metabolomics reveals the effect of valproic acid on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells
Published in Xenobiotica, 2020
Xingzhi Zhou, Zhen Li, Xuanyu Wang, Ge Jiang, Changliang Shan, Shuangping Liu
Our results showed that the benzaldehyde was regulated by VPA, 56 metabolites were simultaneously altered (Figure 2(A)). Benzaldehyde has previously been shown to be associated with tumors (Bouza et al., 2017). Our study showed that VPA down-regulated benzaldehyde in MCF-7 cells. In MDA-MB-231 cells, after D-glucarate was adjusted by VPA, 54 metabolites also changed (Figure 2(B)). Interestingly, D-glucarate was previously shown to inhibit MCF-7 cells growth (Jr et al., 1994). Our findings indicated that D-glucarate was associated with most of the metabolites, suggesting that D-glucarate may also play an important role in the suppression of MDA-MB-231 cells growth. These results suggested that benzaldehyde and D-glucarate might play an important role in VPA-inhibiting breast cancer. But further research is needed to determine whether VPA directly or indirectly regulates benzaldehyde and D-glucarate expression. We also analyzed and compared the effect of VPA on each metabolite and found that furfural was up-regulated by VPA treatment in both cell lines. Although the relationship between furfural and tumors remains unknown, its modification product (5-hydroxymethylfurfural) has been shown to play a role in promoting tumor cell apoptosis (Zhao et al., 2013). This suggests that VPA may exhibit anti-cancer activities in breast cancer by increasing furfural expression levels. This hypothesis requires further experimental verification. The alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism pathway were the metabolic pathway most significantly impacted by VPA in MCF-7 cells (Figure 5(A)). Current research indicates that annonaceous acetogenins affect glutathione metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism and show anti-cancer effects, suggesting that annonaceous acetogenins may be a new target to inhibit cancer (Ma et al., 2019). The taurine and hypotaurine metabolism pathway were the most impacted metabolic pathways in MDA-MB-231 cells by VPA treatment (Figure 5(B)), and this pathway was considered a potential biological pathway for the early diagnosis of breast cancer (Ma et al., 2018).