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Endotoxic Shock and the Sphingomyelin Pathway
Published in Helmut Brade, Steven M. Opal, Stefanie N. Vogel, David C. Morrison, Endotoxin in Health and Disease, 2020
Cecil K. Joseph, Richard N. Kolesnick
Finally, studies by Balsinde and coworkers (46) showed that LPS and platelet-activating factor (PAF) stimulated a transient accumulation of ceramide in P388D1 macrophages. The accumulation of ceramide was likely due to increased de novo synthesis since fumonisin B1 inhibited this LPS/PAF-induced response.
Fungal Keratitis Due to Fusarium
Published in Mahendra Rai, Marcelo Luís Occhiutto, Mycotic Keratitis, 2019
Alexandro Bonifaz, Lorena Gordillo-García, Scarlett Fest-Parra, Andrés Tirado-Sánchez, Karla García-Carmona
It is also known that some fungi such as Fusarium produce several mycotoxins such as fumonisin B1, which cause greater cellular cytotoxicity. Fusarium sp. possess several virulence factors. It also produces mycotoxins, such as trichothecenes, which suppress humoral and cellular immunity and aided by production of adventitious yeast-like propagules, cause tissue breakdown and angio-invasion (Raza et al. 1994, Naiker and Odhav 2004, Tupaki-Sreepurna and Kindo 2018).
Zearalenone: Insights into New Mechanisms in Human Health
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Cornelia Braicu, Alina Andreea Zimta, Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
There is a study that reported a different manner of interaction between ZEA and another aflatoxin, ALFM1, which caused the combination between the two to exert a synergic effect 24 hours after treatment application and an agonistic effect at 72 hours. A possible explanation for this postulated by the authors was that ZEA might be progressively degraded as the days passed [100]. Through MTT assay done on HEPG2 cell line, it was concluded that independently on the exposure time, meaning 24 hours versus 48 hours versus 72 hours, ZEA, its metabolite α-ZOL, combined with the ochratoxin have an antagonistic effect [101]. Exposure to a combination of ZEA and the trichothecene T2 caused a loss in cell viability through increased ROS levels and Hsp70 expression in a normal epithelial renal cell line, named Vero [102]. The cell line IPEC-J2 of normal epithelial jejunum cells from pig showed decreased viability after exposure to various combinations of ZEA with other Fusarium mycotoxin, DON, NIV, and fumonisin B1 (FB1). The combinations were as follows: DON + ZEA, NIV + ZEA, ZEA + FB1, DON + ZEA + FB1, NIV + ZEA + FB1 and DON + NIV + ZEA + FB1. The greatest cytotoxicity was reported when all the four assessed mycotoxin were combined [103].
The ameliorative effect of Lactobacillus paracasei BEJ01 against FB1 induced spermatogenesis disturbance, testicular oxidative stress and histopathological damage
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2023
Khawla Ezdini, Jalila Ben Salah-Abbès, Hela Belgacem, Bolanle Ojokoh, Kamel Chaieb, Samir Abbès
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is one of the prevalent mycotoxins, produced by toxigenic fungi such as Fusarium verticilloides and Fusarium moniliforme. It is naturally present in a large variety of food and foodstuff with high incidence. In fact, FB1 is the most widely distributed Fusarium mycotoxin in North Africa (74%). In Tunisia, Jedidi et al. (2021) detected high fumonisin levels in wheat (20.83%), barley (40%), and maize (57.14%). These levels exceeded European limits and hence, suggested a risk for Tunisian cereals and consumers. This toxin was linked to human cancers (IARC 2002). Experimentally, FB1 toxicity can be traced to its analogy to sphingoid bases and the inhibition of ceramide synthase, a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of sphingolipids (Dellafiora et al. 2018).
Fungal sphingolipids: role in the regulation of virulence and potential as targets for future antifungal therapies
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2020
Caroline Mota Fernandes, Maurizio Del Poeta
The inhibition of ceramide synthesis can also lead to increased levels of DHS and PHS. These sphingoid bases inhibit Aspergillus growth and induce death by apoptosis [66]. Therefore, drugs targeting the ceramide synthases might be potent antifungals, showing a dual mechanism of action: depletion of the sphingolipids content and accumulation of toxic sphingoid bases. So far, two inhibitors of fungal ceramide synthase have been reported. Fumonisin B1 is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium that competes with the sphingoid base as an enzyme substrate and also affects the binding of the fatty acid chain [67,68]. Although fumonisin B1 inhibits the ceramide synthases, this compound apparently showed poor antifungal activity [68]. In contrast, australifungin, a compound isolated from Sporormiella australis, inhibits the ceramide production and show a broad-spectrum activity against Candida, Aspergillus and Cryptococcus [69]. The use of these mycotoxins in the antifungal therapy has been limited due to their high reactivity and lack of specificity toward the fungal ceramide synthase, also inhibiting the mammalian enzyme [68,69]. In fact, fumonisin B1 is toxic to animals and causes hepato and nephrotoxicity in rodents [70,71]. A fluorescent assay to detect ceramide synthase activity has been reported [72], enabling the screen of chemical libraries for more selective compounds, active against the fungal but not the mammalian enzyme.
Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) as an antidote or a protective agent against natural or chemical toxicities: a review
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2018
Mahyar Dorri, Shirin Hashemitabar, Hossein Hosseinzadeh
Fumonisins a group of cancer-promoting metabolites, consist of at least 15 well known members. Among them Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is the most common toxin produced by Fusarium verticillioides isolates. In study done by Food Technology Department of Lleida University, under all environmental conditions, cinnamon oil inhibited the growth of Fusarium verticillioides isolates. The results showed that the reduction in FB1 production was only observed in the presence of clove and cinnamon oils under limited abiotic conditions (Velluti et al.2004b). Among herbal oils such as clove, Litsea cubeba oil, citral, eucalyptus, camphor oils, spearmint and anise, and cinnamon has shown to be the most effective in having an inhibitory effect on F. verticillioides. Cinnamon oil is also the most effective agent in inhibition of mycotoxin. Cinnamaldehyde, the main component of cinnamon has the most effect in both inhibiting the growth of F. verticillioides and changing the hyphae morphology. The latter has been shown is a study where mycelium cinnamon oil showed meaningful changes in the hyphae morphology (Xing et al.2014).