China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Fumonisins
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Alicia Rodríguez, Agustín Ariño, Marta Herrera, Juan J. Córdoba
Fumonisins are a series of mycotoxins produced by some Fusarium species that are ubiquitous contaminants of maize and derived products. Although there are few studies about their health risk to humans, it seems that consumption of food products contaminated with fumonisins has been correlated with an increased risk of human cancer. These mycotoxins also affect animals in different ways by interfering with the sphingolipid metabolism. Due to their high toxicity, regulations and opinions by international agencies of food safety have been adopted to set maximum levels of these mycotoxins in foods and feeds and the maximum tolerable daily intake of these mycotoxins. Therefore, identification and detection of fumonisin-producing species contaminating plants mainly before harvesting could allow corrective actions to minimize the presence of toxigenic strains and, consequently, reduce risk associated with fumonisins accumulation in foods. Accurate and sensitive analytical methods for their detection mainly based on HPLC and UPLC are available. Furthermore, some strategies are advisable to prevent growth of toxigenic species of Fusarium and reduce risk of such mycotoxins accumulation throughout the entire food chain. An integrated strategy that combines identification and quantification of toxigenic strains, detection of fumonisins in contaminated maize, and application of a control strategy should be implemented to avoid any risk linked to accumulation of these mycotoxins in foods and thus protect the health and well-being of animals and humans.
Fusarium
Published in Rajendra Prasad, Mahmoud A. Ghannoum, Lipids of Pathogenic Fungi, 2017
A. H. Merrill, A. M. Grant, E. Wang, C. W. Bacon
Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced by F. moniliforme28 and related fungi29 on corn, sorghum, millet and other agricultural products.28 There are several classes of fumonisins, the most prevalent being fumonisin B1 (Figure 1) followed by B2, B3 and B4. These compounds can also be found acetylated on the nitrogen and are named fumonisin A1 A2, etc. Purified fumonisin B1 has been shown to cause equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM)30 and porcine pulmonary edema,31 which are diseases that have also been associated with the consumption of contaminated grain. Fumonisin consumption also results in hepatotoxicity and liver tumors in rats32-34 and it also affects the kidney.35 The human impact of these mycotoxins is not yet clear; however, the consumption of contaminated maize has been correlated with esophageal cancer in areas of southern Africa and China (for review, see Riley et al).36
Fusarium
Published in Dongyou Liu, Laboratory Models for Foodborne Infections, 2017
Palanisamy Manikandan, Coimbatore Subramanian Shobana, Mónika Homa, Sándor Kocsubé, János Varga, Muthusamy Chandrasekaran, Naiyf S. Alharbi, Venkatapathy Narendran, Csaba Vágvölgyi, László Kredics
Fumonisins are polyketide-derived mycotoxins and can be divided into four groups (A, B, C, and P) based on their chemical structure with several isomers and stereomers identified during the past decade [25–28]. The most prevalent and naturally occurring fumonisins belong to type B analogues (FB). In Fusaria, usually FB1 is predominant, accounting for 70%–80% of the total fumonisin content [29]. The A and B series of fumonisins consist of a 20 carbon atom long backbone, while the C-type fumonisins are 19 carbon atoms long. Fumonisins are sphingosine-analog compounds, which disrupt the biosynthesis of sphingolipids by the inhibition of the ceramide synthase enzyme [30]. The altered sphingolipid metabolism could lead to neural tube defects through the disrupted folate uptake [31]. Ingestion of fumonisin-contaminated feeds is associated with several fatal diseases in domestic animals, for example, equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM) and porcine pulmonary edema (PPE). Fumonisins can cause nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and hepatocarcinogenicity in laboratory animals [32]. Fumonisins are the possible causative agents of esophageal cancer in several countries like China and Transkei in South Africa [33,34]; therefore, fumonisin B1 is considered as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) [35].
Validation of urinary sphingolipid metabolites as biomarker of effect for fumonisins exposure in Kenyan children
Published in Biomarkers, 2019
Ruth Nabwire Wangia, David Peter Githanga, Kathy Siyu Xue, Lili Tang, Omu Aggrey Anzala, Jia-Sheng Wang
Exfoliated cells in urine are the primary source of sphingolipids, an indication of accumulation of sphingoid bases in the kidney. Fumonisin has been shown to be toxic to many mammalian organs, however, the liver and kidney are major targets for toxicity. FN induced disruption of sphingolipid metabolism has been demonstrated in many independent studies (van der Westhuizen et al.2008, Silva et al.2009, Cano-Sancho et al.2011). The balance between intracellular concentrations of sphingolipid metabolites that prevent or induce apoptosis is altered when the rate of increase of sphingolipid metabolites exceed the cells’ ability to convert them to their sphingoid base-1-phosphate thus accumulating to toxic levels (Merrill et al.2001). This is important because the balance is a critical determinant of fumonisin-induced hepato- and nephrotoxicity (Enongene et al.2002, Rumora et al.2007).
Fumonisin-containing diets decrease the metabolic activity of myenteric neurons in rats
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Fernando Carlos Sousa, Christiano Rodrigues Schamber, Eneri Vieira de Souza Leite Mello, Fernanda Andrade Martins, Miguel Machinski Junior, Cleverson Busso, Mario Henrique de Barros, Maria Raquel Marçal Natali
Fumonisins are mycotoxins that are produced by fungi, especially from the genus Fusarium, among which the species F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum are notable. These fungi, in addition to producing large amounts of mycotoxins, are found worldwide and mainly found as contaminants of corn harvests that are used for both human and animal consumption [1].