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Pesticides and Chronic Diseases
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Frequently, the form of a pesticide influences its toxicity to wildlife. For example, treated seed and insecticide granules, including carbofuran, fensulfothion, fonofos, and phorae, are particularly toxic to birds. Estimates are that from 0.23 to 1.5 birds were killed ha−1 year−1 by the pesticides.574
Carcinogenicity of Agricultural Pesticides in Adults and Children
Published in Ana Maria Osorio, Lynn R. Goldman, Proceedings from the Medical Workshop on Pesticide-Related Illnesses from the International Conference on Pesticide Exposure and Health, 2017
Michael C. R. Alavanja, Mary H. Ward, Peggy Reynolds
Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy among men in the United States and in most Western countries.59 Age, family history of prostate cancer, African-American ethnicity, hormonal factors, and possibly a high consumption of animal fat and red meat are the most consistent risk factors reported.60 The literature suggests that prostate cancer may also be elevated among farmers.61'62 Potential risk factors for prostate cancer found on the farm include insecticides, fertilizers, herbicides, and other chemicals.63-68 Consistent with those reports a large prospective study of pesticide applicators which included farmers and commercial applicators and the spouse of farmer applicators in the U.S.69 showed an overall small but significant excess-risk of prostate cancer in the cohort, which was also demonstrated in both Iowa and North Carolina and both among farmers and commercial applicators. Age and family history of prostate cancer were the only two significant demographic risk factors for prostate cancer within the cohort as a whole. When these factors were controlled, use of chlorinated pesticides among applicators over 50 years of age and methyl bromide use were significantly associated with prostate cancer risk. Among those with a family history of prostate cancer several pesticides including butylate, a widely used herbicide and four commonly used organothiophosphate insecticides including coumaphos, fonofos, chlorpyrifos and phorate and a pyrethriod, permethrin all showed significant interactions odds ratios. These associations suggest, but do not prove, that a family history of prostate cancer may increase the susceptibility to the carcinogenic effects of these insecticides. Additional studies confirming these associations are need, along with molecular epidemiological studies to establish biological plausibility and to suggest a mode(s) of action.
Female infertility caused by organophosphates: an insight into the latest biochemical and histomorphological findings
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2023
Mohammad Samare-Najaf, Ali Samareh, Bahia Namavar Jahromi, Navid Jamali, Sina Vakili, Majid Mohsenizadeh, Cain C. T. Clark, Ali Abbasi, Nastaran Khajehyar
Pesticides refer to chemical substances used to interrupt, destroy, repel or mitigate any pest ranging from insects, rodents, and herbs to microorganisms (Martín Reina et al.2017). Since the 1980s, the second-generation broad-spectrum pesticides consist of OPs and Carbamates, and have gradually replaced the persistent organochlorines due to fast degradation in soil and biota, the low potential of bioaccumulation in the environment, lower probability of movement in the ecosystem via food webs, and relative selectivity in causing toxicity (Mitra and Maitra 2018). Chemically, organophosphate pesticides (OPPs) are organic ester derivatives of phosphorous, commonly thiol or amide derivatives of thiophosphoric, phosphonic, phosphinic, phosphoric acids with additional side chains of cyanide, phenoxy, and thiocyanate group (O'Brien 2016). Azinophosmethyl, parathion, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, fonofos, and disulfoton are well-known OPPs representing extensive applications in agriculture, horticulture, plastic making, pest control, FRs, and other household applications (Figure 1). Furthermore, Ops are widely used chemicals in agriculture to protect crops against insects (Fryer et al.2004). OP insecticides, such as chlorpyrifos, malathion, and diazinon, (Figure 1) are a class of insecticides described by their ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity. As the application of OPPs is widespread, humans may be exposed via multiple routes, such as inhalation during the spraying process, ingestion of residues on foods, soil, and dust, as well as dermal absorption from skin contiguity (Lewis et al.2015). Along with anticholinesterase activity, OPPs and OP insecticides represent endocrine disrupting properties that could cause reproductive and neurological consequences.