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Exopolysaccharide Production from Marine Bacteria and Its Applications
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Prashakha J. Shukla, Shivang B. Vhora, Ankita G. Murnal, Unnati B. Yagnik, Maheshwari Patadiya
Rapid development in industrialization and anthropogenic activities has led to an increase in the discharge of waste and wastewater containing organic and inorganic pollutants. Bioflocculant is a kind of biodegradable macromolecular flocculant produced by microorganisms. Because of their biodegradability, harmlessness and inability to produce secondary pollutants, bioflocculants have gained much wider attention in research (Gong et al., 2008). Flocculation is an essential process in the treatment of wastewater and dye effluents (Fujita, 2000).
Genosomes (DNA−Lipid Complexes)
Published in Danilo D. Lasic, LIPOSOMES in GENE DELIVERY, 2019
Despite numerous new techniques and because of the large heterogeneity of these samples, careful naked-eye observation (possibly aided by a magnifying lens or optical microscope) can still be the most crucial observation. For in vivo applications no flocculation or precipitation should be observed. In the optical microscope some large particles (up to 10 μm, in more turbid samples up to 20 to 50 μm, depending on the concentrations) can practically always be observed (Figure 7-14). However, this is normal with colloidal suspensions and does not seem to interfere with sample performance. Another simple and useful check is sample turbidity. Normally, it is measured at 400 nm at lipid concentration between 0.1 and 0.3 mM. This value must follow the Lambert–Beer law; i.e., turbidity must be linear with respect to concentration and intersecting ordinate at 0. If this is not the case the genosomes are unstable and not useful for applications. In some cases turbidity decreases with time, and these samples must be carefully inspected to see if this is not due to particle precipitation. Other measurements employ more-sophisticated experimental techniques.
Technologies for Separation and Drying of Algal Biomass for Varied Applications
Published in Gokare A. Ravishankar, Ranga Rao Ambati, Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals, 2019
Julio Cesar de Carvalho, Eduardo Bittencourt Sydney, Paulo Cesar de Souza Kirnev, Adriane Bianchi Pedroni Medeiros, Carlos Ricardo Soccol
Flocculation is a process of aggregation of particles into larger masses. The process is traditional in several areas such as the pulp and paper, mining and ceramics, beverages and water and wastewater processing. In biotechnological processes flocculation has been increasingly used (Bratby 2016).
Chitosan caged liposomes for improving oral bioavailability of rivaroxaban: in vitro and in vivo evaluation
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2021
Maged K. Elsayad, Hammam A. Mowafy, Alaa A Zaky, Ahmed M. Samy
With 0.3% CS coating (RVX-CL3), the average particle size was found to be 92.1 nm. This could be supported by the observation that with the increasing level of CS, a condensed coating layer was formed on the particle surface and by the small range aggregation of liposomes. However, further aggregation in a large range was prevented by the surface charge and steric hindrance from the CS chain. In the coating process, the CS solution was added to the liposome suspension drop wisely. We observed that flocculation emerged temporarily in the instillation process, but quickly disappeared under agitation. This revealed that a condensed coating layer was constructed as the CS strength increased, and consequently the liposome particles were re-dispersed from aggregation by electrostatic repelling force. This comes in close agreement with the previous results reported by Li et al. (Li et al. 2009).
Ethanol production from cassava starch by protoplast fusants of Wickerhamomyces anomalus and Galactomyces candidum
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2020
Tolulope Modupe Adeleye, Sharafadeen Olateju Kareem, Mobolaji O. Bankole, Olusegun Atanda, Abideen I. Adeogun
The protoplasts from the two isolates were mixed and suspended carefully in 35% polyethylene glycol (PEG) (Mol wt 3350), 10 mM CaCl2 and 0.8 M sorbitol. The suspension was incubated at room temperature (28ºC – 30ºC) for 30 min under the ultraviolet light. The resultant fused cells were washed with the protoplast buffer. One ml of the suspension was mixed with 10 ml of the regeneration medium (3% agar, 0.7% YPD and 0.8 M sorbitol). This was poured into plates containing a thin bottom layer of agar with the same regeneration medium composition. The plates were thereafter incubated at 30ºC for 3–7 days until visible regenerated colonies emerged. Parent and fusant colonies that emerged were purified and assayed for the desired recombination such as (i) flocculation, (ii) rate of fermentation in glucose and maltose broth cultures and (iii) ethanol tolerance. The preferred recombinants were thus selected and stored on sabouraud dextrose agar slants at 4°C. Parental and fusant yeasts were subcultured bi-monthly.
Development of a novel physico-chemically and microbiologically stable oral solution of flecainide for pediatrics
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2018
Ana Santoveña, Irma Charola, Javier Suárez-González, Nuria Teigell-Pérez, Susana García-van Nood, Mabel Soriano, José B. Fariña
An additional test was performed to determine the physical stability of the dosage form and to indicate the importance of stirring before removal of the dose. A possible sedimentation of FA could influence the uniformity of the dose extracted from different heights of the formulations elaborated as suspensions (F1 and F2). Each formulation was poured into a suitable container to study the degree of flocculation and sedimentation of the suspensions (100 mL graduated cylinder) and after stirring (10 times inverted 180°), doses were taken at heights 1/3 (Z1), 1/2 (Z2) and 2/3 (Z3). Doses taken were weighed and their FA contents determined. This process was repeated at 15, 30 and 60 days in different storage conditions as described below.