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Exopolysaccharide Production from Marine Bacteria and Its Applications
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Prashakha J. Shukla, Shivang B. Vhora, Ankita G. Murnal, Unnati B. Yagnik, Maheshwari Patadiya
Rapid development in industrialization and anthropogenic activities has led to an increase in the discharge of waste and wastewater containing organic and inorganic pollutants. Bioflocculant is a kind of biodegradable macromolecular flocculant produced by microorganisms. Because of their biodegradability, harmlessness and inability to produce secondary pollutants, bioflocculants have gained much wider attention in research (Gong et al., 2008). Flocculation is an essential process in the treatment of wastewater and dye effluents (Fujita, 2000).
Contrast enhancement agents and radiopharmaceuticals
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Properties of a barium sulphate suspension include: Settles slowly.Does not flocculate.Does not cake.Redisperses upon shaking.Remains stable.Flows easily.Demonstrates good mucosal coating.
Sustainable Water and Nutrient Management in Algal Biomass Production Systems
Published in Gokare A. Ravishankar, Ranga Rao Ambati, Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals, 2019
Daniel P. Geller, Keshav C. Das, Gary L. Hawkins, Brian H. Kiepper, Manjinder Singh
Dissolved air flotation (DAF) is a promising technology being studied for algae–water separation. DAF is commonly used in many areas of food processing to remove fats, oils and greases from wastewater. In this process, flocculants are added to the algae–water mixture to concentrate the algae within the system. Then dispersed air is bubbled through the system to float algal cells to the surface of the system where they are collected using skimmers. This type of DAF harvesting was evaluated by Chen et al. (1998) using the alga Scenedesmus quadricauda and several different flocculants. They showed that DAF could work for algal harvesting, however the performance is dependent upon a variety of physio-chemical factors in the system such as pH, flocculant ionic strength and air flow rate. Likewise, Coward et al. (2013) report the successful harvesting of several Chlorella, Scenedesmus and Chaetoceros algal species using foaming DAF systems with removals ranging from 76 to 90%. Henderson et al. (2010) achieved biomass collection of 94–99% using DAF systems on algae and other microorganisms of varying morphology, including Microcystis aeruginosa (cyanobacteria), Chlorella vulgaris (green alga), Asterionella formosa and Melosira sp. (diatoms). Their study showed a correlation between the charge of the algal systems and control over the coagulation using various flocculants.
Mung bean protein isolate treated with high-intensity pulsed electric field: characteristics and its use for encapsulation of Asian seabass oil
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2023
Saqib Gulzar, Mohamed Tagrida, Umesh Patil, Lukai Ma, Bin Zhang, Soottawat Benjakul
Particle sizes of HIPEF-MC and CON-MC are shown in Table 4. HIPEF-MC were smaller in diameter than CON-MC (p < 0.05). The difference in the particle diameters could be attributed to several factors including emulsion stability before spray drying and EE of microcapsules (Gulzar et al.2022). The stability of emulsion plays a vital role in the particle size of resultant microcapsules. Less stable emulsions tend to flocculate easily. During spray drying, the oil droplets coalesce to form larger droplets with minimum encapsulation (Jafari et al.2007a). This was concomitant with the lower emulsification properties of untreated (control) MBPI (Table 1), which resulted in less stable emulsions, compared to HIPEF-treated MBPI stabilised emulsions. Consequently, the CON-MC attained larger particle size, compared to HIPEF-MC. The larger particle size of CON-MC compared to HIPEF-MC could be related to the presence of surface oil on the CON-MC owing to the lower EE of the former (Table 3). Surface oil on the microcapsules tended to increase the particle diameter (Jafari et al.2007b). Surface oil might favour the agglomeration of microcapsules, resulting in a larger size.
Mortality and physiological impacts of the tea saponin against Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Morteza Shahriari, Arash Zibaee, Seyyedeh Kimia Mirhaghparast, Sarah Aghaeepour Pour, Samar Ramzi, Hassan Hoda
Tea saponin was extracted based on the procedure of Li et al. (2012). C. sinensis seeds were collected from Langroud tea gardens (Guilan Province, Northern Iran), powdered, and sifted. The powder was stirred in warm water (liquid to the solid ratio: 6:1; the water temperature: 80 °C; soaking time 6 h). Then, the samples were centrifuged at 5000 rpm, for 30 min at 25 °C to obtain the primary extracted solution. The concentration of 30% of flocculant of polyaluminum chloride was added into the content of 1% of the primary extracted liquid by weight and kept at 25 °C for 2 h to remove impurities. Afterward, centrifugation was performed at 5000 rpm, at 25 °C for 30 min to get the demanded supernatant. Ten grams of calcium oxide as the settlement agent was added to the earlier supernatant and stirred for 4 h before being centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 30 min at 25 °C. The present supernatant was removed, and ammonium bicarbonate was added (30% of the total mixture) to remove calcium from the TS. The samples stirring for 2 h at 60 °C and centrifugated at 5000 rpm for 30 min at 25 °C. Afterward, tubes containing the samples were put in a boiling water bath for 5 min and incubated at 80 °C for 12 h within an oven to gain TS powder (75% purity).
Cationic Okra gum coated nanoliposomes as a pH-sensitive carrier for co-delivery of hesperetin and oxaliplatin in colorectal cancers
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2022
Mahboobeh Hodaei, Jaleh Varshosaz
In a variety of polysaccharides, such as gums, functional amino, or ammonium groups have been added. Cationized polysaccharides generated from natural ingredients are efficient flocculants that are non-toxic and biodegradable over a wide pH range (Prado et al. 2011; Wang and Wang 2013). Because of its large number of hydroxyl groups (–OH), Okra gum is a suitable backbone polymer for grafting a cationic moiety (Raj et al. 2020). Grafting, crosslinking, and etherification are various techniques for integrating a cationic moiety onto the backbone of a polysaccharide. The etherification process was employed to incorporate the cationic moiety onto the Okra gum in this investigation. The interaction of various polysaccharides with 2,3-epoxypropyltrymethylammonium chloride (EPTAC) produces this cationization. As EPTAC is unstable, it’s typical to make the reagent in situ from CHPTAC (Prado et al. 2011; Anirudhan et al. 2017). Herein, the cationization of Okra gum with CHPTAC in the presence of NaOH is illustrated (Figure 1). The sodium alkoxide groups are formed when NaOH combines with the hydroxyl groups of the Okra gum; epoxide is produced from CHPTAC when a stoichiometric amount of NaOH is applied; and COG is generated when the Okra gum sodium alkoxide and epoxide react (Yu et al. 2007).