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Agrochemicals: A Brief Overview
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Fipronil is a broad-spectrum insecticide with moderate mammalian toxicity (LD50 in rat: oral, 97 mg/kg; dermal, >2000 mg/kg) and a high selectivity for target species. Fipronil acts as a blocker of the GABAA-gated chloride channel, binding to a site different from that of organochlorine insecticides. In insects, it also blocks glutamate-activated chloride channels, which are not present in mammals (101). Relevant effects in case of acute poisoning are seizures (102).
Neurotoxicity of Pesticides
Published in Ana Maria Osorio, Lynn R. Goldman, Proceedings from the Medical Workshop on Pesticide-Related Illnesses from the International Conference on Pesticide Exposure and Health, 2017
Matthew C. Keifer, Jordan Firestone
Fipronil, an insecticide widely used for structural and veterinary applications, also acts by binding to GABA receptors and increasing neuronal excitability.34 Human toxicity data is very limited regarding this relatively new chemical, but the presenting characteristics of seven cases were summarized by Muhamed et al.35 The taxi drome (i.e., the constellation of signs and symptoms that suggest a specific class of poisoning) included vomiting, agitation, and convulsions. Medical records review identified three patients with tonic clonic seizures. Two patients had non-sustained convulsions, and one died from continuous, uncontrollable seizures.
Neurotoxic responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to fipronil: multi-biomarker approach to illuminate the mechanism in brain
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Arzu Uçar, Fatma Betül Özgeriş, Veysel Parlak, Aslı Çilingir Yeltekin, Esat Mahmut Kocaman, Gonca Alak, Muhammed Atamanalp
Fipronil (FP) is a broad spectrum and a systemic insecticide used to control insect pests in urban and agricultural areas. Fipronil, which enters their ecosystem by flowing or seepage from soil into streams, has to moderate persistence in aquatic environments (Beggel et al.2012, Chagnon et al.2015, Menezes et al.2016, Qureshi et al.2016, Gupta and Anadón 2018). This insecticide acts on the central nervous system of insects by selectively binding to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) gated chloride channels and antagonizing the effect of GABA. Gripp et al. (2017) reported that fipronil and its metabolites are highly toxic to rainbow trout. In this case, GABA receptor inhibition causes central nervous system toxicity by disrupting the chloride ion control of the neuronal signal (Stehr et al.2006). It has been reported that the application of fipronil in aquatic organisms (in vivo or in vitro); not only cause toxicity on DNA, lipids and proteins but also it has neurotoxic, hepatotoxic, and cytotoxic effects (Badgujar et al.2016, Wang et al.2016).
Toxicity of fipronil on rat heart mitochondria
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Enayatollah Seydi, Leila Mehrpouya, Hadiseh Sadeghi, Shabnam Rahimi, Jalal Pourahmad
Fipronil (FPN), as a synthetic chemical compound, is a phenyl pyrazole pesticide that is used to control a wide range of pests in various fields such as agriculture and veterinary (to control of ticks and fleas that infest domestic animals), and also public health. FPN is an effective insecticide and can control pests at a low dose (Ferreira et al.2012, Badgujar et al.2015, Gill and Dumka 2016, Menezes et al.2016, Wang et al.2016). FPN is very effective in the control of pests that are resistant to other insecticides (de Oliveira et al.2012). Also, it is available in several formulations (de Oliveira et al.2011). Studies have shown that FPN can cause a wide range of toxic effects in humans and animals through extensive and incorrect use, and accidental exposure (Badgujar et al.2015, Khan et al.2015, Badgujar et al.2016, Wang et al.2016). It has been shown that FPN metabolites are several times more toxic than FPN (Ferreira et al.2012). One of the most important mechanisms that FPN causes toxicity is through the generation of ROS (Ki et al.2012, Park et al.2013, Mossa et al.2015, Abdel-Daim and Abdeen 2018). The excessive release of ROS results in damage to the mitochondria and the integrity of the cell membrane (Ki et al.2012). It has been shown that FPN induces apoptosis signaling with an increase in the generation of ROS (Badgujar et al.2015, Badgujar et al.2016, Romero et al.2016).
Assesment of hematotoxic, oxidative and genotoxic damage potentials of fipronil in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2021
Arzu Uçar, Veysel Parlak, Aslı Çilingir Yeltekin, Fatma Betül Özgeriş, Özge Çağlar, Hasan Türkez, Gonca Alak, Muhammed Atamanalp
Fipronil (FP) is a broad spectrum and highly effective phenylpyrazole insecticide (Konwick et al. 2005; El-Murr et al. 2016). Recent studies suggest that this insecticide poses a low risk for non-target organisms, but some studies have shown that it is toxic to fish (Anderson et al. 2015; Taillebois et al. 2015). As a result of the administration of fipronil in vivo and in vitro; neurotoxic, hepatotoxic, cytotoxic effects as well as toxicity on lipids, DNA and proteins have been reported (Badgujar et al. 2016; Wang et al. 2016).