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Parasitological Evaluation of Schistosomiasis Control
Published in Max J. Miller, E. J. Love, Parasitic Diseases: Treatment and Control, 2020
The urine filtration technique by means of a syringe and filter support has improved gradually over the past 20 years. Various types of filters include: Filters made of standard filter paper are widely used. The Nucleopore or polycarbonate filter has been reduced in price recently to encourage wide usages. The Nytrel or nylor filter is reusable if carefully washed and is of low cost, but its use requires rigorous training and supervision.
Epidemiology of Acinetobacter spp.: Surveillance and Management of Outbreaks
Published in E. Bergogne-Bénézin, M.L. Joly-Guillou, K.J. Towner, Acinetobacter, 2020
M.-L. Joly-Guillou, C. Brun-Buisson
The above data indicate that certain Acinetobacter spp., unlike other Gram-negative bacteria, can persist in the environment for several days, even in dry conditions, on particles and dust, thereby probably contributing to the development and persistence of outbreaks. The survival of Acinetobacter spp. on dry surfaces has been studied by Getchell-White et al. (1989) and Musa et al. (1990). The latter authors found that A. calcoaceticus, in contrast to A. Iwoffii, could survive on dry surfaces for up to 60 h, while Getchell-White et al. (1989) reported that A. calcoaceticus and A. Iwoffii could persist for means of 8.2 and 10.2 days, respectively; i.e., durations even longer than that found for S. aureus. Environmental contamination during an outbreak in a paediatric ICU was studied extensively and was demonstrated on various equipment and surfaces in the unit (telephone handles, door pushplates, patient’s charts, table tops, etc.), all of which were probably contaminated by the hands of staff, which were also shown to be contaminated. Allen and Green (1987) found that an epidemic strain of multiresistant Acinetobacter spp. could survive for up to 6 days after inoculation onto dry filter paper, a duration similar to that found with S. aureus, which persisted for 7 days, but in contrast to E. coli and Pseudomonas spp., which survived for 24 h or less.
Laboratory Techniques
Published in Niel T. Constantine, Johnny D. Callahan, Douglas M. Watts, Retroviral Testing, 2020
Niel T. Constantine, Johnny D. Callahan, Douglas M. Watts
Collecting and processing blood specimens in remote laboratories or under field conditions is often troublesome. It may not be possible to separate the serum or to refrigerate the specimens during storage or transport. A technique has been developed for collecting whole blood that is particularly useful for large serosurveys and for pediatric specimens. A drop of whole blood obtained by a finger prick is absorbed onto a specially designed and standardized piece of filter paper (Schleicher and Schuell #903, Keene, NH, U.S.). The blood is allowed to dry thoroughly and can then be transported to the laboratory for immediate testing or stored for up to 3 months at room temperature without loss of antibody. The filter paper specimens can also be refrigerated or frozen, but must be sealed in plastic bags containing a desiccant.
Tazarotene-loaded in situ gels for potential management of psoriasis: biocompatibility, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2020
İpek Erol, Neslihan Üstündağ Okur, Duygu Orak, Hande Sipahi, Ahmet Aydın, Özgen Özer
For the evaluation of biocompatibility of TZN-In situ gel and I-1 gel, the agar diffusion test was performed on L929 mouse fibroblast cells. This method allows the cytotoxicity measurement by indirect contact. The gels were applied, as recommended by the standard protocol in ISO 10993-5. Briefly, the L929 mouse fibroblast cells were placed in a 24-well plate and incubated for 24 h. Then, the sterilized 2% agar was spread evenly on the surface of the cells and TZN-Insitu gel and I-1 gel were applied to the surface of a filter paper having a pore size of 0.45 μm and area of 1.9 cm2. After 24 h of incubation, the cell viability was determined via MTT colorimetric assay. The agar layer was disposed and the MTT solution (0.5 mg/mL) was added to wells. Then, the cells were incubated for an additional 2 h at 37 °C. After the 2 h, the cell culture medium was discarded and 100 μL of isopropanol was added to wells to dissolve formazan. The absorbance was measured at 570 nm by a microplate reader (Thermo Multiskan Spectrum, Finland). The cell viability of samples was calculated using the following equation:
Curcuma longa ethanol extract and Curcumin inhibit the growth of Acanthamoeba triangularis trophozoites and cysts isolated from water reservoirs at Walailak University, Thailand
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2020
Watcharapong Mitsuwan, Chooseel Bunsuwansakul, Theodore Ebenezer Leonard, Sawanya Laohaprapanon, Kruawan Hounkong, Kingkan Bunluepuech, Chalermpon Kaewjai, Tooba Mahboob, Chandramathi Sumudi Raju, Mahaveer Dhobi, Maria de Lourdes Pereira, Muhammad Nawaz, Christophe Wiart, Abolghasem Siyadatpanah, Roghayeh Norouzi, Veeranoot Nissapatorn
Three liters grabbed water samples of 8 points were collected from two reservoirs including recreational and botanical garden reservoirs at Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand. Decimal degrees and water temperature data were recorded at sampling sites. In addition, pH record with the pH meter (Mettler Toledo, Ohio, USA), physico-chemical properties (SevenCompact conductivity, Mettler Toledo, Ohio, USA), Field water quality kits (Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand), Eutech TN-100 waterproof turbidimeter (Thermo-Scientific, Bartlesville, USA), Color test kit (Hach, Colorado, USA), and 3 M™ Petrifilm™ E. coli/Coliform count plate 6404 (Emerald Scientific, CA, USA) were analyzed. Two liters of the samples were filtered with vacuum pump (Rocker 811, New Taipei City, Taiwan) through sterile gauze once and then 1.2 μM-pore size filter (Whatman, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom). The debris on filter paper were scraped into 30 mL Page’s saline solution (PAS) (Himedia, Maharashtra, India) and centrifuged at 3,000 × g for 30 min. The samples were re-suspended in 20 mL of PAS, and preserved at 4°C.
Development of microparticles coated with poly-γ-glutamic acid to improve oral absorption of a poorly water-soluble drug
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2019
Yuri Ikeuchi-Takahashi, Yudai Shiokawa, Kazuki Sekita, Etsuo Yonemochi, Hiraku Onishi
Mucin disks were prepared in accordance with the method of Tsuchiya et al. (2009). Four-hundred microliters of mucin solution (10% (w/v)) was spread on 25-mm diameter filter paper. The filter paper was dried at room temperature for 24 h and then used as the mucin disk. IM bulk powder and microparticles were sieved (sieve mesh size = 297 μm), and the samples were mounted on mucin disks. One-hundred microliters of phosphate buffer (25 mM, pH 6.8) was dropped onto the sample, and the mucin disk was allowed to stand for 5 min. Then, as shown in Figure 2, the sample was immersed in 150 mL phosphate buffer (25 mM, pH 6.8) at 37 °C and incubated with shaking at 50 rpm. Mucin disks were taken out over time, and the amount of IM remaining on the disk was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).