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The Journey through the Gene: a Focus on Plant Anti-pathogenic Agents Mining in the Omics Era
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
José Ribamar Costa Ferreira-Neto, Éderson Akio Kido, Flávia Figueira Aburjaile, Manassés Daniel da Silva, Marislane Carvalho Paz de Souza, Ana Maria Benko-Iseppon
In turn, metabolomics has also been actively used to understand secondary plant metabolism and the discovery of SM-PAAs. French et al. (2018), using targeted and untargeted metabolite profiling by liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry, analyzed the metabolite profiles of 17 plant species, including wild plants (Filipendula ulmaria, Prunella vulgaris, Centuarea nigra, and Rhinanthus minor), two forage legumes (Medicago sativa, Trifolium hybridium) and 45 biomass samples from agricultural grasslands in the UK. The authors identified a range of SMs, including 32 compounds with known SM-PAA activities (antimicrobial/anthelmintic properties). The identified SM-PAAs targeted multiple aspects of pathogens metabolism and physiology, in vitro and in vivo, including inhibition of quorum sensing in bacteria and egg viability in nematodes. The most abundant bioactive compounds were benzoic acid, myricetin, p-coumaric acid, rhamnetin and rosmarinic acid.
The twentieth century
Published in Michael J. O’Dowd, The History of Medications for Women, 2020
The active principle of the willow bark (from Salix alba vulgaris) is a bitter glycoside called salicin, first isolated in pure form by Leroux in 1829 who also demonstrated that salicin had antipyretic effects. On hydrolysis, salicin yielded salicylic acid (and glucose), a chemical that was originally produced in 1835 from salicylaldehyde as found in meadowsweet (Spiraea ulmaria, now known as Filipendula ulmaria in the Rosaceae). Salicin was also present in oil of winter-green (Gaultheria procumbens), much used by native North American Indians and still listed in the US pharmacopoeia, and extracts of other plants (Flower, Moncada and Vane, 1985). In 1859 Kolbe of Leipzig, aided by Lautemann, made a synthetic form of salicylic acid, by the reaction of carbolic acid (derived from phenol, obtained from coal tar) and carbon dioxide in the presence of an alkali, and the commercial production of salicylic acid became practical in 1874 (Wootton, 1910). Dr Thomas Maclagan of Dundee treated acute rheumatic fever with salicin in 1876 with good results, and synthetic salicylic acid became popular in the treatment of rheumatic fever and other rheumatic disorders (Hollman, 1992 pp. 8–9).
Scombrotoxin
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Inhibition of the activity of the HDC enzyme by food-grade substances, such as meadowsweet, spices, and algae extract, has shown some promising results. Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) was found to inhibit the HDC from M. morganii with half maximal inhibitory concentration values of 1.5, 4.4, 6.1, and 6.8 for rugosin D, rugosin A methyl ester, tellimagrandin II, and rugosin A, respectively (121). Similarly, Shakila et al. (122) examined the inhibitory effect of spices on HDC enzymes. Clove and cinnamon showed significant inhibitory activity on the HDC from M. morganii, whereas turmeric and cardamom had moderate effects. Kim et al. (123) reported a significant inhibitory activity of Ecklonia cava and Eisenia bicyclis brown algae extract on crude HDCs from M. morganii of about 20% and 34%. The main limitation on using these substances is their undesirable effects on flavor and taste of fish.
Ibuprofen-based advanced therapeutics: breaking the inflammatory link in cancer, neurodegeneration, and diseases
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2021
Arun Upadhyay, Ayeman Amanullah, Vibhuti Joshi, Rohan Dhiman, Vijay Kumar Prajapati, Krishna Mohan Poluri, Amit Mishra
Ibuprofen, a propionic acid derivative, belongs to a large class of drugs, commonly used to treat fever, pain, and inflammation for several decades, referred to as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (Hart and Huskisson 1984). In other words, NSAIDs are extensively used analgesic and antipyretic over-the-counter anti-inflammatory drugs across the world (Johnson et al. 1995). Initially, the compounds belonging to this class, e.g. salicin, the precursor of aspirin, were identified in plants like Filipendula ulmaria and Salix alba for medicinal properties and later synthesized for their potential uses in the treatment of fever and pain (Houghton 2001). Description of the medicinal properties of the bark of the willow tree, source of the first NSAID aspirin, was found in 1763 issue of Philosophical Transaction of The Royal Society by Edward Stone. Even before this, the ancient literature of Hippocrates and Pliny, the elder also mentions using the tree bark in several kinds of symptoms and associated pain (Nicolaou et al. 1998). The development of NSAIDs during the post-world war era of the last century has seen multiple significant discoveries, including prostaglandins (PGs) and cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes (Rainsford 2007). Identification of the two distinct isoforms in the 1990s has made a frameshift in the development of more anti-inflammatory drugs that were later categorized into selective and nonselective NSAIDs (Suleyman et al. 2007).