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Natural Products from the Amazon Region as Potential Antimicrobials
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Josiane E. A. Silva, Iasmin L. D. Paranatinga, Elaine C. P. Oliveira, Silvia K. S. Escher, Ananda S. Antonio, Leandro S. Nascimento, Patricia P. Orlandi, Valdir F. Veiga-Júnior
Fernandes and coworkers (2020) demonstrated that isolated β-bisabolene had antimicrobial activity against eight standard pathogen strains. According to the microdilution method, β-bisabolene has a MIC (µg/mL) of 50 to Streptococcus mutans, 100 to Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus salivarius, 250 to Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus sobrinus, 20 to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and 150 to M. avium and M. kansasii. The raw EO of Eupatorium adenophorum also demonstrated antimicrobial activity against these pathogens with an MIC ranging from 62.5 to 500 µg/mL. It is worth mentioning that β-bisabolene is in fact the major compound within the E. adenophorum EO. The microbial activity of E. adenophorum EO against Arthrobacter protophormiae, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Rhodococcus rhodochrous and Staphylococcus aureus can be associated to the high concentrations of β-bisabolene (Kurade et al. 2010).
Essential Oils in Cancer Therapy
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Carmen Trummer, Gerhard Buchbauer
The leading cause of liver cancer is cirrhosis due to hepatitis C, hepatitis B, or alcohol. Most of the new cases occur in less-developed countries, with a high incidence in Asia and Africa (Ferlay et al., 2015). It is essential to elucidate new therapeutic strategies, and EOs are a potent source for new active components. Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. (Asteraceae) is a well-known medicinal weed and is traditionally used in treating fever, desensitization, traumatism, and phyma in China (Yunnan Institute of Materia Medica, 1975). The EO of E. adenophorum Spreng., which is mainly composed of sesquiterpenes, was evaluated for its anticancer activities (Chen et al., 2018). It exhibited in vitro hepatocellular carcinoma cell apoptosis and also inhibited the growth of HepG2 xenografts. The tests showed that the EO decreased the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax, while the activation of caspase-9 and -3 increased. This may be due to an activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. The treatment with E. adenophorum Spreng. EO inhibits the proliferation of HepG2, Hep3B, and SMMC-7721 cells. All cells were incubated with 0, 5, 10, 30, 50, 100, 150, and 200 μg/mL of E. adenophorum Spreng EO for 48 h. The inhibiting concentration 50% (IC50) values were 17.74 ± 1.92 μg/mL for HepG2, 49.56 ± 5.01 μg/mL for Hep3B, and 39.20 ± 3.37 μg/mL for SMMC-7721 cells (Chen et al., 2018).
Determination of suppressive effect on human T-cell activation by hispidulin, nepetin, and vanillic acid
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2019
Premrutai Thitilertdecha, Varangkana Tantithavorn, Poonsin Poungpairoj, Nattawat Onlamoon
Flavonoids including hispidulin (4′,5,7-trihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone) and nepetin (3′,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxy-6-methoxyflavone) and a phenolic acid, vanillic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid), are abundantly found in the Thai medicinal plant called Clerodendrum petasites S. Moore [3]. Moreover, the three compounds were reported to be good candidates for skin penetration [4], providing not only oral but also topical routes of drug administration for allergic contact dermatitis. Hispidulin and nepetin are also found in other plant species including Clerodendrum inerme (L.) [5], Clerodendrum indicum (L) Gaertn [6], Salvia plebeian R. Br. (SP) [7], Eupatorium arnottianum Griseb. [8], Santolina insularis (Genn. Ex Fiori) [9], and Artermisia vestita [10]. Vanillic acid is found in several other plants as well, such as Solanum melongena [11], Armillaria mellea [12], Allium sativum L. [13], and Phyllanthus emblica [14]. Because of flavonoids (i.e. hispidulin and nepetin), and phenolic acid (i.e. vanillic acid) are well-known for anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive potentials, they have been then interested and recently investigated for these activities.
Chemical composition and insecticidal properties of essential oils against diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.)
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2020
Rajkesh Koundal, Shudh Kirti Dolma, Gopi Chand, Vijai K. Agnihotri, S. G. Eswara Reddy
In studies of evaluating EOs against Lepidopteran larvae, patchouli oil found most effective against larvae of the leaf roller (Choristoneura rosaceana Harris) (LC50 = 2.8 µl mL−1) and garlic oil against first instar larvae of Trichoplusia ni Hubner(LC50 = 3.3 µl mL−1) (Machial et al. 2010). In the present study, C. flexuous and C. camphora at low concentrations showed more efficacy (LC50 = 1.80 and 5.36 mg mL−1) to larvae of P. xylostella. Our results support the findings of Reddy et al. (2016), who reported the EOs of Acorus calamus L., Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) and Murraya koenigii (L.) promising efficacy against second instar larvae of P. xylostella. In another study, EO extracted from the leaves of Curcuma longa showed more toxicity to second instar larvae of P. xylostella (LC50 = 283.8 mg L−1) as compared to rhizomes of Alpinia pyramidata (Blume) (LC50 = 118 mg L−1 (Javier et al. 2016). Similarly, C. longa oil also showed promising toxicity to third instar larvae of Spodoptera litua (LC50 = 5.9 mg mL−1) as reported by Javier et al. (2017). In a similar study, EO of Eupatorium adenophorum showed promising toxicity (LC50 = 3176.5 mg mL−1) to larvae of P. xylostella (Reddy et al. 2018). In the present study, all the Mentha spp showed excellent larvicidal activity to P. xylostella which may be due to the presence of menthol (40.1%), carvone (67.4%) and piperitone (37.8%) in M. piperita, M. spicata, and M. longifolia, respectively.
Variability, toxicity, and antioxidant activity of Eupatorium cannabinum (hemp agrimony) essential oils
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2016
Asta Judzentiene, Rasa Garjonyte, Jurga Budiene
Eupatorium cannabinum is a medicinal and aromatic herb with antibacterial, immunological, cytostatic, anti-inflammatory, fungicidal, etc. properties. In Lithuanian folk medicine, the plant has been used as a remedy for treatment of liver diseases and against diarrhea (Lekavicius, 1980). Currently hemp agrimony is used as a component for some homeopathic preparations.